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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The newborn rabbit responds to acute anoxia, as a result of breathing nitrogen, with successive periods of dyspnoea, primary apnoea, gasping and terminal apnoea. Pethidine caused an increase in the period of primary apnoea and a decrease in the duration and rate of gasping. When nalorphine was combined with pethidine the period of primary apnoea was still increased although the duration and number of gasps were restored to control values. Naloxone, in contrast, acted as a mild respiratory stimulant, shown as a longer phase of dyspnoea. Also it completely abolished the respiratory depression produced by pethidine. Naloxone may be preferable to nalorphine as a drug to reverse the effects of pethidine immediately after birth.
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PMID:The effect of narcotic and narcotic-antagonist drugs in the newborn rabbit. 103 13

The effects of hypophysectomy and short-term GH replacement on insulin release and on some aspects of glucose metabolism in isolated rat islets of Langerhans were investigated. The effects on body, pancreas and adrenal gland weights, and on the levels of blood plasma constituents were also measured. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy the early and late phases of insulin release from islets incubated with high concentrations of glucose, but not with low concentrations of glucose or with xylitol, leucine, arginine, tolbutamide, citrate or butyrate, were significantly lowered. Short-term GH replacement partially reversed the depression in glucose-stimulated insulin release. This reversal effect was not dependent on the increase in body weight of rats after GH replacement when the fall in adrenal gland but not in pancreas weight was also reversed. Nine out of the 12 plasma constituents measured, including glucose, were maintained in the control range of levels, but albumin, inorganic phosphate and urea nitrogen levels were altered after hypophysectomy or GH replacement. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy, total glucose oxidation and glucose utilization by the islets were slightly depressed. Hypophysectomy appeared to slow down glucose 6-phosphate utilization in the islets. However, the functional capacity of the glucose phosphorylating, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were not changed. Short-term GH replacement caused improvements in these islet functions.
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PMID:Effects of hypophysectomy and short-term growth hormone replacement on insulin release from and glucose metabolism in isolated rat islets of Langerhans. 110 38

In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi (strain y-1), synthesis of the enzymes required for urea hydrolysis is under substrate induction control by urea and under end product repression control by ammonia. Hydrolysis of urea if effected by the sequential action of the discrete enzymes urea carboxylase and allophanate lyase, collectively called urea amidolyase. The carboxylase converts urea to allophanate in a reaction requiring biotin, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and Mg2+. The lyase hydrolzyes allophanate to ammonium ions and bicarbonate. Neither activity is present in more than trace amounts when cultures are grown with ammonia or urea plus ammonia, or when they are starved for nitrogen for 8 h. Urea in the absence of ammonia induces both activities 10 to 100 times the basal levels. Addition of ammonia to an induced culture causes complete cessation of carboxylase accumulation and an 80% depression of lyase accumulation. Ammonia does not reduce urea uptake by repressed cells, so it does not prevent induction by the mechanism of inducer exclusion. The unicellular green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 3 Emerson) also has discrete carboxylase and lyase enzymes, but only the carboxylase exhibits metabolic control.
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PMID:Metabolic control of urea catabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardi and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. 111 94

Previous studies from this laboratory indicated that inorganic and organic anions inhibit the unidirectional influx and net transport of the folate analog methotrexate in mammalian cells. Studies were undertaken to establish whether anions retained in uremia might inhibit the membrane transport of folates. Methotrexate was utilized as a model folate compound and its transport was determined in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Influx of methotrexate was inhibited when cells were suspended into sera or ultrafiltrates of sera (pH adjusted to 7.4 by regulation of PCO2) from uremic patients, an effect that was decreased after the patient underwent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The inhibitory effect of uremic sera correlated well with the level of retained anions as estimated from the "anion gap," but could not be related to changes in osmolality, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium. While inhibiting the influx of methotrexate, inorganic anions did not displace methotrexate from albumin binding sites. Anionic inhibition of the membrane transport of 5-methyl [14C] tetrahydrofolate was also demonstrated and this was shown to be accompanied by a depression in the rate of incorporation of the labeled 14C moiety into nucleic acids and protein. The data suggested that transport of folates is impaired in uremia and raises the possibility that whatever the measured blood folate level in the uremic individual with retained anions, the rate of uptake of folates into folate-dependent tissues which this blood folate level will sustain may be reduced.
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PMID:Inhibition of the membrane transport of folates by anions retained in uremia. 118 41

Diets of similar proximate analysis formulated with a base of sorghum forage and primarily supplemented with equivalent dry matter of 18.4% of aerobically digested municipal garbage (garbage diet) or 17.5% of cottonseed hulls (control diet) were ensiled for 52 days and then individually and group fed to 16 dairy heifers for 56 and 35 days. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in garbage and control diets averaged 54.2 and 47.4, 50.0 and 41.3, 62.0 and 65.1, 53.1 and 42.3, and 61.8 and 54.5% as determined by chromium oxide technique. Potential advantages from digestibility of the garbage diet appeared to be nullified by a 12% depression of dry matter intake and a consequent deterioration of feed efficiency. Dry matter intakes of garbage and control diets during the 56-day comparison were 1.98 and 2.25% of body weight and daily gains of .42 and .57 kg required 13.9 and 11.8 kg dry matter per kilogram of gain. Over the 91 days of combined comparison feeding, the .62 kg of average daily gain from control diet was 32% above the .47 kg from the garbage diet.
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PMID:Ensiled diet containing processed municipal garbage and sorghum forage for heifers. 119 68

Associations between the psychological and pulmonary effects of breathing intermittent oxygen at 2 ATA were examined among four experienced divers. A fifth diver, who served as a control, breathed only normoxic nitrogen. Psychological tests included digit span, short-term memory for easy and difficult word associations, simple and complex psychomotor performance, and reported moods. The criterion of oxygen toxicity was the total hours of intermittent oxygen exposure tolerated before developing a 10% reduction in vital capacity. Short-term memory for difficult word associations and self-reported moods of Activity, Depression, Fatigue, and Happiness were found to be significantly correlated with this criterion of oxygen toxicity. Part of the impairment found on these measures, however, was probably related to the absence of adequate sleep and rest as evidenced by the worsened performance of the control diver over the 15-h testing period. The results replicated the findings of earlier research on the psychological effects of continuous oxygen breathing under hyperbaric conditions and at 1 ATA, and may indicate that oxygen intesifies the effects of other stressors such as fatigue. In addition, the results showed that reported moods may be important indicators of impending pulmonary toxicity during intermittent oxygen exposure.
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PMID:Associations between psychological factors and pulmonary toxicity during intermittent oxygen breathing at 2 ATA. 125 11

This study was aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of the preferential depression of satellite DNA synthesis by dehydroheliotridine (DHH). DHH was found to induce repair synthesis to the same extent in both main and satellite band DNA in cultured sheep lymphocytes. This was also the case with acridine orange, nitrogen mustard (HN2) and ethyl methane-sulphonate (EMS). Using analytical equilibrium ultracentrifugation no difference was found between the extents of in vitro binding of DHH by main and satellite band DNA. From these results it was concluded that the depression of the synthesis of satellite DNA could not be explained by either its preferential binding of DHH or by less effective repair mechanisms. Radiolabelled DHH when added to synchronized cultures of ovine kidney cells was found to be preferentially bound to the satellite DNA (one DHH molecule to 6000 nucleotides) compared with the main band DNA (one to 10 000). When 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) was added to the cultures no DHH label was found in the heavy, semiconservatively replicated DNA band. From these findings it is suggested that attack may occur during mitosis where all of the satellite DNA may be undergoing synthesis at the same time, thus explaining the increased amount of DHH bound to the satellite.
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PMID:The binding of dehydroheliotridine to DNA and the effect of it and other compounds on repair synthesis in main and satellite band DNA. 126 45

Tissue and organ deposition and blood parameters were evaluated as indices of mineral and trace element absorption in rats. The absorption of elements was quantified in relation to nitrogen retention, i.e., considering the weight gain and new tissue synthesis. A rapeseed meal diet was supplied with three levels of calcium, two levels of zinc, and two levels of copper in a factorial design. In general, an increase in dietary mineral content increased the relative absorption, which in turn, increased the tissue deposition progressively. Striated muscle, however, did not respond to either an increased calcium or zinc supply. Furthermore, an increased calcium absorption caused a depression of the fractional phosphorus and magnesium content of femur bones. The copper content of the kidneys and the heart muscle was directly proportional to the amount of absorbed zinc and iron, respectively. The iron content of tissue was, in general, inversely proportional to zinc absorption and showed a tendency to be directly proportional to copper absorption. The zinc level in tissues was, in a similar way, inversely correlated to measured calcium absorption. In conclusion, interactions between elements do not only affect the intestinal element absorption, but also the distribution of already absorbed elements in tissues and organs.
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PMID:Tissues and organs as indicators of intestinal absorption of minerals and trace elements, evaluated in rats. 128 Sep 83

Previously, we have shown that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA-binding protein ABF1 exists in at least two different electrophoretic forms (K. S. Sweder, P. R. Rhode, and J. L. Campbell, J. Biol. Chem. 263: 17270-17277, 1988). In this report, we show that these forms represent different states of phosphorylation of ABF1 and that at least four different phosphorylation states can be resolved electrophoretically. The ratios of these states to one another differ according to growth conditions and carbon source. Phosphorylation of ABF1 is therefore a regulated process. In nitrogen-starved cells or in cells grown on nonfermentable carbon sources (e.g., lactate), phosphorylated forms predominate, while in cells grown on fermentable carbon sources (e.g., glucose), dephosphorylated forms are enriched. The phosphorylation pattern is affected by mutations in the SNF1-SSN6 pathway, which is involved in glucose repression-depression. Whereas a functional SNF1 gene, which encodes a protein kinase, is not required for the phosphorylation of ABF1, a functional SSN6 gene is required for itsd ephosphorylation. The phosphorylation patterns that we have observed correlate with the regulation of a specific target gene, COX6, which encodes subunit VI of cytochrome c oxidase. Transcription of COX6 is repressed by growth in medium containing a fermentable carbon source and is derepressed by growth in medium containing a nonfermentable carbon source. COX6 repression-derepression is under the control of the SNF1-SSN6 pathway. This carbon source regulation is exerted through domain 1, a region of the upstream activation sequence UAS6 that binds ABF1 (J. D. Trawick, N. Kraut, F. Simon, and R. O. Poyton, Mol. Cell Biol. 12:2302-2314, 1992). We show that the greater the phosphorylation of ABF1, the greater the transcription of COX6. Furthermore, the ABF1-containing protein-DNA complexes formed at domain 1 differ according to the phosphorylation state of ABF1 and the carbon source on which the cells were grown. From these findings, we propose that the phosphorylation of ABF1 is involved in glucose repression-derepression of COX6 transcription.
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PMID:ABF1 is a phosphoprotein and plays a role in carbon source control of COX6 transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 132 16

A comparison has been made of the effects of carbon monoxide (CO) or nitrogen (N2) exposure on synaptic transmission in the hippocampal slice. CA1 field potentials, evoked by Schaffer collateral stimulation, were unaffected by superfusion of slices with artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF) equilibrated with either 15% CO or 15% N2 for 120 min. However, superfusion with hypoxic ACSF equilibrated with either 85% CO or 85% N2 caused a rapid depression of synaptic transmission. Reperfusion with control ACSF following 30 min hypoxia led to recovery of evoked responses and a slight hyperexcitability. In the hippocampal slice, synaptic transmission, as assessed by input/output curves, was not different during or following hypoxia induced by exposure to CO or N2. In the short term, CO is not toxic.
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PMID:Comparison of carbon monoxide and nitrogen induced effects on synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampal slice. 132 60


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