Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Urinary arylsulphatases (E.C.3.1.6.1) A and B were increased in male rats fasted for 24 hours. Excretion of non dialysable protein nitrogen decreased whereas creatinine excretion increased. On refeeding diet arylsulphatase A activity was restored to normal whereas arylsulphatase B was not normalised. A single oral supplementation of vitamin A acetate (20 000 IU) to rats fasted for 24 hours resulted in a significant reduction of both arylsulphatase A and B eventhough no further reduction of protein nitrogen excretion was evident. In vitamin A deficient male rats significant reduction in urinary excretion of both arylsulphatases A and B occured. In a smaller number of female rats depression of only arylsulphatase A was observed. This effect of vitamin A deficiency leading to reduced urinary arylsulphatase activity was evident even at the "weight plateau" stage when no reduction in food intake or growth had occurred. These results suggest a possible direct or indirect role for vitamin A on urinary excretion pattern of arylsulphatases presumably released from lysosomes of tissues.
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PMID:Studies on urinary arylsulphatase activity in vitamin A deficient rats. 0 3

Asparagine was a superior nitrogen source for clavine-alkaloid production in Claviceps purpurea. Its transport into the cell excedded the cell's biosynthetic need for this amino acid. Asparagine entered the cell without degradation. This disturbed the relative pool sizes of various amino acids resulting in a change in the genetically determined ratio at which amino acids were utilized for protein synthesis. Overproduction of alkaloids (4500 mug.ml-1) may be associated with increased availability of tryptophan because of the enhanced assimilation of asparagine-derived ammonia via glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2). However, ammonium salts in the fermentation broth led to a depression of the alkaloid yield. Partial replacement of the ammonium salt by aspartic acid elevated alkaloid production.
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PMID:The cellular role of nitrogen in the biosynthesis of alkaloids by submerged culture of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. 1 58

Amoxapine possesses a broad spectrum of psychotropic actions, including antidepressant and neuroleptic effects in animals. Antidepressant activity is characterized by its ability to inhibit tetrabenazine-induced depression, antagonize reserpine-induced hypothermia and enhance yohimbine lethality. Neuroleptic activity is demonstrated by the ability of amoxapine to decrease locomotor activity, induce ptosis and catalepsy, inhibit apomorphine gnawing and amphetamine stereotyped behavior and by characteristic changes in monkey discriminated avoidance behavior. The fact that punished responding in squirrel monkeys was present was present after repeated administration may indicate an anti-anxiety action of this drug. Evidence is offered that the conversion of the tertiary terminal nitrogen to a secondary amine may alter the pharmacologica properties of dibenzoxazepines in a similar way to the for the phenothiazines.
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PMID:The neuropharmacological actions of amoxapine. 2 99

The effects of intravenously injected 4-dimethylaminophenol and Co2EDTA on peripheral circulation, respiration, acid-base balance, and several other physiological and biochemical parameters were studied on dogs. DMAP increased the respiratory minute volume and mean arterial pressure, diminished the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, and induced an increase in arterial oxygen pressure caused by liberation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin during the formation of ferrihemoglobin. A study in vitro of the fate of the oxygen during the reaction between DMAP and oxyhemoglobin showed that only 30--40% of the oxygen released by the formation of ferrihemoglobin appeared in the gas phase. Co2EDTA caused circulatory depression, hyperventilation, and metabolic acidosis resulting in a decrease in base-excess and pH. The concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, potassium, and urea nitrogen and the hemoglobin content were increased by Co2EDTA. The side effects of Co2EDTA in therapeutic doses were more serious than those of DMAP. Thus the latter is superior in the therapy of cyanide poisoning, all the more since it detoxifies more cyanide.
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PMID:Effects of 4-dimethylaminophenol and Co2EDTA on circulation, respiration, and blood homeostasis in dogs. 11 Feb 89

The present study was carried out to examine the possible intervention of some hormones in the "protein-sparing/actions of dietary carbohydrate and fat. Administration of either a carbohydrate meal or a fat meal to fasted rats caused a reduction in the urinary output of urea and total nitrogen with a concomitant decrease in rate of urogenesis in liver. as well as the activities of some amino acid-catabolizing enzymes in liver. The sparing action of carbohydrate but not that of fat was abolished in alloxan-diabetic rats. Feeding rats a carbohydrate meal caused a marked reduction in the amount of cyclic AMP in liver. The change was coincident with a reduction in the level of plasma urea and the urinary output of urea and total nitorgen. Administration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP abolished the carbohydrate-induced depression of urinary output of urea and total nitrogen as well as partially the activity of serine dehydratase in liver. Feeding a carbohydrate meal resulted in a significant reduction in the level of corticosterone in plasma. However, the possible intervention of glucocorticoids in the protein-sparing action of carbohydrate was ruled out inasmuch as the action of carbohydrate was also observed in the adrenalectomized rats. The overall results suggest that the protein-sparing action of dietary carbohydrate may be exerted in a different fashion from that of fat, that is, through depression of cyclic AMP in liver and thus the reduction of the degradation of amino acids in liver
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PMID:Possible intervention of insulin, cyclic AMP, and glucocorticoids in protein-sparing action of dietary carbohydrate in rats. 16 49

Using the time sharing fluorometer/reflectometer the measurement of NADH fluorescence as well as the reflected light was obtained from the surface of the awake rat brain cortex. The light was transferred to and from the brain via a flexible light pipe (made of quartz fibers) connected to a cannula implanted permanently above the brain. Exposing the rat to pure nitrogen atmosphere increased the fluorescence (reduction of NADH) by 32.3 +/- 6.1% in comparison to the normoxic fluorescence level. During cortical spreading depression (SD) the NADH fluorescence decreased (oxidation of NADH) by 17.3 +/- 2.8%. Exposing the rat to nitrogen after SD was elicited blocked the oxidation cycle observed during SD. Exposing the awake ras to 10, 7.5 or 5% O2 did not block the response of the brain to spreading depression or to Metrazol applied locally to the cortex. Under hypoxic conditions the brain showed a typical response to SD, namely, an oxidation cycle of NADH except that the duration of the cycle was longer and the decrease in the NADH level was smaller. The EEG activity recovered to normal even under 5%. The same effect of hypoxia was found when Metrazol was applied and epileptic activity was developed.
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PMID:Metabolic responses of the awake cerebral cortex to anoxia hypoxia spreading depression and epileptiform activity. 16 66

Using a time-sharing fluorometer-reflectometer, pyridine nucleotide (NADH) and flavoprotein (Fp) fluorescence, as well as reflected light at the excitation wavelength, were measured and correlated with the electrical activity of an awake cerebral cortex. Exposure of the rat to a nitrogen atmosphere (anoxia) led to an increase in signals representing the reduction of pyridine nucleotides and flavins, with very similar kinetics. Inducement of partial ischemia by bilateral carotid artery ligation led to an increase in NADH, accompanied by a very small effect on the electrical activity (ECoG). In most animals, 2-3h after ligation, the ECoG became flat or depressed. Exposure of this ischemic cerebral cortex to KC1 solution caused depression of the electrical activity without metabolic response probably due to the limitation of oxygen supply. The metabolic state of an awake cerebral cortex was identified by exposing the brain to various levels of oxygen, epileptoform activity, spreading depression, hyperbaric pressure of oxygen and an uncoupler. From our results we conclude that the awake cerebral cortex is close to the resting state, state 4, rather than to the active state, state 3.
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PMID:Brain energy metabolism of the conscious rat exposed to various physiological and pathological situations. 18 22

Toxicosis was induced in pregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers by giving polybrominated biphenyls a in gelatin capsules at the rate of 25 g/day. Initially, this dosage was approximately 67 mg/kg of body weight. Clinical signs were anorexia, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, emaciation, dehydration, depression, and abortion. Fever was not evident during the experiment. Values for serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and bilirubin were increased. Changes in packed cell volume, hemoglobin content, total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte counts were minimal and reflected dehydration and secondary infection. The principal urine changes were decreased specific gravity and moderate proteinuria. Gross necropsy findings included dehydration; subcutaneous emphysema and hemorrhage; atrophy of the thymus; fetal death with concomitant necrosis of cotyledons; kidneys that were enlarged, pale tan to gray; thickened wall of the gallbladder; inspissated bile; edema of abomasal folds; mucoid enteritis; linear hemorrhage and edema of the rectal mucosa; and secondary pneumonia. Microscopic changes were most marked in the kidneys, gallbladder, and eyelid. In the kidney, the principal changes were extreme dilatation of collecting ducts and convoluted tubules, with epithelial degenerative changes of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, and separation from the basement membrane. Common changes in the gallbladder were moderate to marked hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of the mucous glands in the lamina propria. The changes in the eyelids were characterized by hyperkeratosis, with accumulations of keratin in hair follicles of the epidermis and squamous metaplasia with keratin cysts in the tarsal glands. Clinical signs and lesions of toxicosis did not develop in heifers given the polybrominated biphenyls at the rate of 0.25 mg and 250 mg/day for 60 days. Initially these rates were approximately 0.00065 mg/kg and 0.65 mg/kg of body weight, respectively.
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PMID:Pathology of experimentally induced polybrominated biphenyl toxicosis in pregnant heifers. 18 92

Stimulated rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) preparations simultaneously produce prostaglandin-like material and mediators that induce metabolic alterations in experimental animals characteristic of the host's responses to inflammation. The alterations observed in rats include responses by: proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, trace metals, and total blood neutrophils. This study demonstrates a possible relationship between prostaglandins and PMN-derived substances that mediate plasma zinc depression, hepatic amino acid uptake, and increased numbers of blood neutrophils. Production of these mediators by stimulated-PMN preparations was prevented by 23 muM indomethacin or 93 muM aspirin. Conversely, morphine (2 mM or less) had no detrimental effect on production of these mediators, although, it consistently stimulated production of a substance stimulating total blood neutrophia. In addition, 2 muM prostaglandin E and F stimulated production of substances mediating hepatic amino acid uptake plasma zinc depression, respectively. At this concentration, neither prostaglandin significantly altered production of substances mediating increased numbers of total blood neutrophils. A partial-nitrogen atmosphere, dibutyryl cyclic analogs of AMP and GMP, or homogenization of the PMN had no effect on mediator production. The inhibitory effect of indomethacin and aspirin also was observed with PMN-homogenastes. These experimental observations suggest that prostaglandin synthesis has a function in production of mediators by stimulated-PMN preparations.
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PMID:Possible relation of prostaglandins to PMN-derived mediators of host metabolic responses to inflammation. 19 Jun 50

Toxicosis was induced in pregnant heifers by feeding 25,000 mg/head/day of FireMaster BP-6, a commercial blend of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB). The PBB feeding decreased dry matter intake approximately 50% by 4 days exposure. Emaciated animals became anorexic a few days prior to death at 33 to 66 days. Weight losses of heifers average 80 kg. Other clinical signs observed were dehydration, diarrhea, excessive salivation and lacrimation, fetal death, abortion, and general depression as evidenced by depressed heart and respiratory rates. Clinical signs were apparent after 10 days exposure and progressively intensified along with loss of condition until death. Clinicopathologic changes included significantly increased serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and decreased serum calcium by 30 days exposure. Lactate dehydrogenase, urea nitrogen, and bilirubin were elevated, and serum albumin decreased by 36 to 40 days. Principal urine changes were decreased specific gravity and moderate proteinuria. Pregnant heifers fed 0.25 or 250 mg/head/day for 60 days and nonpregnant heifers fed 250 mg/head/day for 180 days displayed neither clinical signs nor clinicopathologic changes indicating adverse effects from PBB exposure. Post-exposure, all heifers exposed to PBB for 60 days calved normally with zero calf mortality and were successfully rebred. Milk production was not different from control animals. Birth weights of calves from dams exposed to 250 mg PBB/head/day were significantly greater than calves of dams exposed to 0 mg or 0.25 mg/head/day. PBB exposure of dams produced no detrimental effects on calves as indicated by clinical signs, clinicopathologic changes, or performance.
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PMID:Effects of PBBs on cattle. I. Clinical evaluations and clinical chemistry. 21 5


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