Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Peritonitis remains a major problem in peritoneal dialysis. The incidence of peritonitis may be reduced by the use of more "biocompatible" peritoneal dialysis solutions that do not impair local host defense mechanisms, such as occurs with conventional lactate-buffered glucose solutions. In the present study, we investigated the use of bicarbonate and lactate as buffer systems and glucose, amino acids, and glucose polymer as osmotic agents on specific cellular functions of isolated fresh blood monocytes in vitro. The bicarbonate-buffered solutions had a physiologic pH (7.0 to 7.6). Lactate-buffered solutions were tested with a pH between 5.5 and 7.3. RPMI 1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, supplied by Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) and phosphate-buffered saline were used as control mediums. The test solutions were incubated with 200,000 monocytes/mL for 45 minutes followed by a 1:1 mix with RPMI 1640 (with supplements) during a 24- or 4-hour tetrazolium bromide test (MTT test) recovery period. Constitutive and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6 in the supernatants as parameters of cellular host defense and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations and MTT-formazan production as parameters for cell cytotoxicity were measured. Significantly higher IL-6 and IL-1beta release was found in the bicarbonate-buffered solutions, both under basal conditions and after LPS stimulation, compared with the lactate-buffered solutions (LPS stimulation: 1% amino acids/34 mmol/L bicarbonate, IL-1beta: 1,166 +/- 192 pg/mL; 1.5% glucose/34 mmol/L bicarbonate, IL-1beta: 752 +/- 107 pg/mL; 1.5% glucose/35 mmol/L lactate/pH 5.5, IL-1beta: 174 +/- 51 pg/mL). Some of these differences could even be detected in spent dialysate after a 6-hour dwell in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients (n = 10). A lower degree of cellular cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase activity) and better-preserved metabolic activity (MTT test) also were found for the bicarbonate-buffered solutions. Amino acids (1%) proved to be comparable to glucose (1.5%) as an osmotic agent at a neutral pH with regard to LPS-stimulated cytokine release and cytotoxicity. The incubation with a glucose polymer solution (7.5% glucose polymer in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.3) resulted in a significantly lowered cytokine release (LPS stimulation: IL-1beta, 69 +/- 19 pg/mL) compared with the other solutions with neutral pH (P < 0.01). These results suggest that bicarbonate as a buffer provided better biocompatibility with regard to mononuclear cytokine release and viability compared with lactate. Amino acids and glucose were equivalent to these parameters at a physiologic pH. The glucose polymer solution, however, was associated with a marked depression of cytokine release.
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PMID:Osmotic agents and buffers in peritoneal dialysis solution: monocyte cytokine release and in vitro cytotoxicity. 929 71

In the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, H2O2 (0.294-2.94 mM) caused initial augmentation, and subsequent long-lasting depression, of population spikes and excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The effect of H2O2 may not be mediated by its degradation product, hydroxyl radicals, because an iron chelator deferoxamine did not block the effect. A catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole only modestly attenuated the initial augmentation, suggesting that the effect of H2O2 is not attributable to catalase-dependent O2 generation, either. An N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid had no influence on the effect of H2O2, whereas a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor channel blocker picrotoxin attenuated long-lasting depression, indicating that gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition is altered during the depression phase. The initial augmentation but not subsequent depression was attenuated by a phospholipase A2/C inhibitor 4-bromophenacyl bromide, suggesting the involvement of lipid signaling molecule(s) in the enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission. These results suggest that H2O2 regulates hippocampal synaptic transmission via multiple mechanisms.
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PMID:Biphasic effect of hydrogen peroxide on field potentials in rat hippocampal slices. 943 Apr 16

1. Changes in respiratory variables, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were studied in awake rats after injection of the opioid peptide [Lys7]dermorphin and its main metabolites, [1-5]dermorphin and [1-4]dermorphin. 2. Fifteen minutes after injection, doses of [Lys7]dermorphin producing antinociception (i.c.v., 36-120 nmol; s.c., 0.12-4.7 micromol kg(-1)) significantly increased respiratory frequency and minute volume of rats breathing air or hypoxic inspirates. This respiratory stimulation was reversed to depression by the 5-HT receptor antagonist ritanserin (2 mg kg(-1), s.c.), was blocked by naloxone (0.1 mg kg(-1), s.c.), significantly reduced by the mu1 opioid receptor antagonist naloxonazine (10 mg kg(-1), s.c., 24 h before) but unaffected by peripherally acting opioid antagonist naloxone methyl bromide (3 mg kg(-1), s.c.). Forty five minutes after injection, doses of the peptide producing catalepsy (s.c., 8.3-14.2 micromol kg(-1), i.c.v., 360 nmol) significantly reduced respiratory frequency and volume of rats breathing air and blocked the hypercapnic ventilator response of rats breathing from 4% to 10% CO2. I.c.v. administration of [1-5]dermorphin and [1-4]dermorphin (from 36 to 360 nmol) never stimulated respiration but significantly reduced basal and CO2-stimulated ventilation. Opioid respiratory depression was only antagonized by naloxone. 3. In awake rats, [Lys7]dermorphin (0.1-1 mg kg(-1), s.c.) decreased blood pressure. This hypotensive response was abolished by naloxone, reduced by naloxone methyl bromide and unaffected by naloxonazine. 4. In conclusion, the present study indicates that analgesic doses of [Lys7]dermorphin stimulate respiration by activating central mu1 opioid receptors and this respiratory stimulation involves a forebrain 5-hydroxytryptaminergic excitatory pathway.
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PMID:Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of the mu-opioid receptor agonist [Lys7]dermorphin in awake rats. 964 52

The ACRPAC (Analysis of Capillary Rise Profile Around a Cylinder) method was modified and extended to measure the contact angles between an oil-water interface and a fiber. Basically, the accurate image of the partial capillary depression profile was acquired and digitized by applying computer digital image processing and analysis techniques. The contact angle was determined by finding the best fit of the theoretically predicted profile, i.e., the curve representing a solution of the Laplace equation of capillarity, to the physically observed liquid-liquid interface. This analysis of the capillary depression profile around a cylinder (ACDPAC) technique was used to measure the contact angles of different water-oil interfaces on cylindrical glass fibers pre-coated with FC725. The wettability of the fiber-water-oil systems with varying oil and aqueous phases was examined. In particular, the wetting effects of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dissolved in the aqueous phase were studied by using the ACDPAC technique. The oil phases tested were two dimethyl siloxane liquids, silicone oil A-type and silicone oil B-type. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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PMID:Measurements of Contact Angles between an Oil-Water Interface and a Fiber by the ACDPAC Technique. 976 55

Cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the suppression of Ba2+-sensitive K+ currents by GABAA receptor activation. Muscimol application had two effects on whole cell currents: opening of the well-known Cl- channel of the GABAA receptor and a secondary longer-lasting blockade of outward K+ currents displaying both peak and plateau phases. This blockade was independent of both Na+ (inside and outside) and ATP in the pipette. It also seemed to be independent of muscimol binding to the receptor because picrotoxin application showed no effect on the K+ conductance. The effect is blocked when anion efflux is prevented by replacing Cl- with gluconate (both inside and out) and is enhanced with more permeant anions such as Br- and I-. Moreover, the effect is reproduced in the absence of muscimol by promoting Cl- efflux via lowering of extracellular Cl- levels. These results, along with the requirement for Cl- efflux in muscimol experiments, show a strong dependency of the secondary blockade on Cl- efflux through the Cl- channel of the GABAA receptor. We therefore conclude that changes in the intracellular Cl- concentration alter the outward K+ conductances of astrocytes. Such a Cl--mediated modulation of an astrocytic K+ conductance will have important consequences for the progression of spreading depression through brain tissue and for astrocytic swelling in pathological situations.
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PMID:Evidence for chloride ions as intracellular messenger substances in astrocytes. 1040 Sep 53

Sixty children aged one to 12 years requiring anaesthesia including a muscle relaxant were assessed for their nutritional status based on simple anthropometric and biochemical parameters. They were allocated to one of four groups: normal nutrition, mild, moderate or severe malnutrition. The neuromuscular effects of vecuronium bromide 0.1 mg/kg were studied by recording evoked responses to train of four (TOF) nerve stimulation using an accelerograph. In the above nutritional groups, time to onset of 25% depression of T1 was 0.8, 1.4, 1.3 and 2.1 minutes respectively. Maximal depression of TOF response was seen at 2.2, 3.2, 3.7 and 8.4 minutes. The duration of action of the initial dose was 26.5, 24.0, 17.7 and 13.3 minutes and the mean duration of action of top-up doses was 16.2, 14.9, 11.2 and 8.9 minutes respectively. Reversal time with neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg was not significantly different in the four groups. These results demonstrate a statistically significant delay in onset and shortening of the duration of action of vecuronium in the undernourished groups compared with the normal nutrition group when vecuronium is administered to children on a milligram per kilogram basis.
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PMID:Undernutrition in children--effect on vecuronium induced neuromuscular blockade. 1047 Mar 93

1. The effects of increasing intracellular cAMP concentration were studied using photolysis of caged-cAMP in layer II/III neurons recorded intracellularly in visual cortex slices. The recorded neurons exhibited either after-hyperpolarization (AHP) or after-depolarization (ADP) in response to depolarizing current injection. Depending on which afterpotential appeared, the effects of photolysis differed. 2. In ADP-generating neurons, photolysis of caged-cAMP induced long-lasting depression of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) evoked by grey matter (GM) stimulation, without altering the size of the ADP. In AHP-generating neurons, photolysis induced long-lasting potentiation of GM-evoked PSPs, with the size of the AHP reduced in the same time course. White matter (WM)-evoked PSPs showed no change. 3. Extracellular application of bromo-cAMP depressed both GM- and WM-evoked PSPs in ADP- and AHP-generating neurons. This depression may be due to presynaptic effects of cAMP, since photolysis-evoked postsynaptic increase in cAMP concentration never induced depression of PSPs in AHP-generating neurons. This depression was reversible but continued until bromo-cAMP was washed out, while ADP and AHP in the postsynaptic neurons were depressed only temporarily and returned to the pre-application level even in the continued presence of bromo-cAMP. 4. Bromo-cAMP was applied following photolysis of caged-cAMP. In the neurons in which the photolysis potentiated GM-evoked PSPs this potentiation was cancelled out by bromo-cAMP (depotentiation). In the other neurons, PSPs were depressed only reversibly. 5. Thus, a postsynaptic increase in cAMP concentration exerts more diverse effects on synaptic plasticity than thus far reported, depending on the difference in neuronal intrinsic excitability and probably on how much, or the way in which, cAMP concentration is increased.
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PMID:Diverse roles of intracellular cAMP in early synaptic modifications in the rat visual cortex. 1071 66

Neurotoxicity of beta42 (20 microM) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release methods as quantitative assays of cell death, and both methods indicated that propentofylline (PPF) had the ability to protect the neurons against the toxicity, although these two assay methods revealed different mechanisms for the toxic effect of beta42. Promotion of the active exocytotic system of the cells was suggested after treatment with beta42 in the MTT assay and in determination of 9-aminoacridine (AA) excretion from the preloaded cells after 24-h treatment with beta42. The promotion of AA exocytosis was blocked by the addition of PPF (20 microg/ml). The preventive effect of PPF on the neurotoxicity of beta42 has been proposed to be caused by elevation of the intracellular level of cAMP as a result of depression of the hydrolytic activity of cells.
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PMID:Evaluation of neurotoxicity of alzheimer's amyloid beta protein (beta42) in cultured hippocampal cells and its prevention by propentofylline. 1087 49

The history of pharmacotherapy of mental illness can be divided into three periods. Introduction of morphine, potassium bromide, chloral hydrate, hyoscine, paraldehyde, etc., during the second half of the 19th century (first period), led to the replacement of physical restraint by pharmacological means in behavior control. Introduction of nicotinic acid, penicillin, thiamine, etc., during the first half of the 20th century (second period), led to significant changes in the diagnostic distribution of psychiatric patients; psychoses due to cerebral pellagra, and dementia due to syphilitic general paralysis virtually disappeared from psychiatric hospitals, and the prevalence of dysmnesias markedly decreased. Treatment with therapeutically effective drugs of mania, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, etc., during the second half of the 20th century (third period), brought to attention the heterogeneity of the populations within the diagnostic categories of schizophrenia and depression. Introduction of the first set of psychotropics and the spectrophotofluorimeter during the 1950s triggered the development of neuropsychopharmacology. Introduction of genetic technology for the separation of receptor subtypes in the 1980s opened the path for the "tailoring" of psychotropic drugs by the dawn of the 21st century, to receptor affinities.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy of mental illness--a historical analysis. 1138 74

In the study reported, the authors examined risk factors for repeated hospital admissions for asthma in a rural/suburban setting. Charts of patients who were hospitalized two or more times with the diagnosis of asthma between June 1991 and January 1998 were reviewed. A questionnaire was completed for each admission for 65 patients. The results demonstrated an equal male-to-female ratio, with a mean age of 27 years. Hispanics represented 12% of the patients although they accounted for only 2.5% of the general population in the area under study. The mean number of hospital admissions was 3.2. A history of depression existed in 25% of the patients. Noncompliance was admitted in 38%. Twenty-five percent were active tobacco smokers. Acknowledged triggers of asthma included viral infections (74%), exercise (50%), weather conditions (43%), dust (38%), cats (36%), sinusitis (32%), pollen (32%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (31%), dogs (30%), smoke (28%), and emotional stress (15%). Medications at time of admission included albuterol (98%), salmeterol xinafoate (26%), theophylline (38%), ipratropium bromide (55%), nedocromil sodium (20%), cromolyn sodium (35%), prednisone (49%), and inhaled corticosteroids (69%). Ninety-five percent had access to a primary care physician. Fifty-seven percent had a pulmonary and 11% had an allergy consult. These data suggest that patients in rural/suburban areas with repeated hospitalizations for asthma have a high probability of noncompliance, depression, and allergenic triggers. Gastroesophageal reflux was a common recognized trigger. Inhaled steroids were underused, whereas ipratropium and theophylline were overused. Bilingual education on asthma and triggers and social support are necessary even in rural healthcare settings without a large minority population.
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PMID:A retrospective study of risk factors for repeated admissions for asthma in a rural/suburban university hospital. 1140 60


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