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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Considerable evidence has accumulated to implicate general anaesthetic agents as a cause of post-surgical immune depression. In the present study we evaluated the immuno-suppressive effects of three in vivo administered anaesthetic agents on cellular immune function in sub-human primates which did not undergo surgery. Normal rhesus monkeys received a minimal anesthetic dose of ketamine HCl, meperidine HCl, or sodium pentobarbital. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed for mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CC), including antibody-dependent CC, spontaneous CC and alloimmune CC. In vivo administration of the three agents caused significant reduction in lymphocyte functional capabilities. Within 30 min after administration of ketamine HCl or sodium pentobarbital, cytotoxic effector function was significantly depressed, with variable recovery occurring at 48 hr; cytolytic effector function was not impaired after meperidine HCl or in untreated controls. Ketamine HCl selectively suppressed effector function; mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses were not suppressed. Monkeys given meperidine HCl showed stable effector function and depressed lymphocyte proliferative function. Effects from sodium pentobarbital were non-selective, with reduced cytotoxic and proliferative lymphocyte functions. In summary, this study shows that intravenous anaesthetic agents are immunosuppressive in primates and exhibit disparate effects on afferent and efferent expressions of cellular immunity.
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PMID:Differential effects of intravenous anaesthetic agents on cell-mediated immunity in the Rhesus monkey. 697 85

The dose-response effects of clonidine HCl (2.5-200 micrograms/kg i.v.) on transmission through somatospinal reflex, viscerospinal reflex, intraspinal, and spinal-bulbospinal reflex pathways were determined in spinal or chloralose-anesthetized cats to assess principle sites of drug action. Evoked sympathetic discharges were recorded from upper thoracic preganglionic rami. Clonidine rapidly produced parallel, dose-dependent depression of transmission through each pathway which was rapidly antagonized by tolazoline or yohimbine. The two spinal reflex pathways were least sensitive to depression which was identical and was limited to 60%. In contrast, both descending pathways could be depressed completely. Although the spinal-bulbospinal reflex pathway was more sensitive to depression than its efferent, descending intraspinal pathway alone, analysis of the relative depression of transmission at spinal and at brainstem levels indicates that the spinal site is more sensitive to clonidine that it is generally considered to be.
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PMID:Differential sensitivity of four central sympathetic pathways to depression by clonidine. 707 64

A series of experiments was conducted with crossbred chicks to determine the effects of L-cysteine, copper, and coccidiosis on roxarsone toxicity. Levels of roxarsone in excess of 50 mg/kg depressed performance and increased kidney arsenic concentration. L-cysteine x HCl x H2O (59%) increased rate and efficiency of gain when added to the basal diet, but depressed performance, increased kidney arsenic concentration, and enhanced mortality when added to diets containing toxic levels of roxarsone (200 mg/kg or higher). Moreover, excess copper (500 mg/kg) partially alleviated the gain/feed depression due to the combination of cysteine and roxarsone. Cysteine, in fact, increased feed efficiency in birds fed excess copper in the absence of roxarsone. Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis) depressed gain and feed efficiency. The depression in feed efficiency was more severe in the presence of roxarsone (50 or 300 mg/kg). In the absence of coccidiosis, 50 mg/kg roxarsone slightly increased gain/feed ratio.
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PMID:Roxarsone toxicity in the chick as influenced by dietary cysteine and copper and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. 708 2

Three experiments were conducted with 9-d-old crossbred chicks to determine the effect of supplemental L-cysteine.HCl.H2O on tolerance to excess dietary Cd. Cd levels of 30 or 60 mg/kg added to a fully fortified corn-soybean meal diet depressed both body weight gain and gain:feed ratio and increased kidney Cd concentration. Supplemental cysteine (i.e., .59% L-cysteine.HCl.H2O) did not alleviate the depression of weight gain or gain:feed ratio due to Cd feeding but did decrease kidney Cd accumulation. Eimeria acervulina infection (i.e., duodenal coccidiosis) depressed rate and efficiency of weight gain and resulted in increased Cd concentrations in kidney tissue. Cystein supplementation increased kidney cadmium concentration even further in E. acervulina-infected birds.
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PMID:Tolerance of the chick to excess dietary cadmium as influenced by dietary cysteine and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. 709 21

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been shown to be released postprandially in several species. In this study we tested the efficacy of an amino acid solution (905 mOsM), 0.1 N HCl (300 mOsM), 905 mOsM NaCl, 300 mOsM glucose, corn oil, and balloon distention within the stomach, duodenum, or ileum in stimulating release of avian PP (APP) in turkeys. Although they differ in osmolarity, and are thus difficult to compare, amino acids appeared to be the best stimulant and HCl the next best. The stomach was the site in which nutrients were most likely to stimulate APP release. There was no significant difference between the responsiveness of the the ileum and duodenum. A control experiment in which blood was drawn but no intraluminal treatments were administered indicated that handling and bleeding caused depression of normal fasting plasma [APP].
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PMID:Release of avian pancreatic polypeptide by various intraluminal contents in the stomach, duodenum, or ileum of turkeys. 710 50

Male ICR mice (25 - 30 g) were pretreated with bovine hematin (20, 40 or 50 mumoles per kg per day, i.p.) for three days. During the next six-day period, animals received either 50 mg per kg per day propoxyphene-HCl or saline, p.o., in addition to the daily hematin injections. Only the highest hematin regimen depressed the induction of propoxyphene-N-demethylase activity significantly in the drug-treated animals. A similar depression below control levels was noted in the animals receiving only saline (p.o.) and hematin (i.p.). While hematin treatment abolished the metabolic tolerance to propoxyphene analgesia such treatment failed to generate any appreciable degree of physical dependence to propoxyphene as assessed by a challenge with naloxone. These findings may be helpful in assessing the risk factors associated with the widespread use of propoxyphene.
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PMID:The effect of hematin on the development of microsomal enzyme induction and physical dependence in mice following repeated oral propoxyphene administration. 719 21

The chick's choline and methionine requirements are both increased by high dietary protein level. Studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the chicks' need for preformed methyl groups is increased by high protein diets (not methionine or choline per se). Chicks fed 25% isolated soybean protein (ISP) diets responded to methionine supplementation (162 vs 110 g gained in 14 days) but not to choline (119 g vs. 110 g), while those fed 50% ISP responded to either methionine (174 g vs. 126 g) or choline (181 g vs. 126 g) supplementation. Further, neither cystine nor homocystine could replace methionine in improving the growth of chicks fed the high protein diet. In other experiments, L-methionine and betaine HCl were found to alleviate the growth depression caused by excessive levels of L-glutamic acid. Excessive levels of L-methionine had a protective effect against growth depression caused by L-glutamate and diammonium citrate, and conversely, supplementary L-serine and sodium formate were not protective against glutamic acid- or arginine-induced growth depression. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the preformed methyl group requirement is increased by high levels of dietary protein and excessive nitrogen from a single amino acid.
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PMID:The effects of high dietary protein and nitrogen levels on the preformed methyl group requirement and methionine-induced growth depression in chicks. 726 36

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction of cobalt with sulfur-containing amino acids in the chick. Fortified corn-soybean meal diets were fed and tissue concentrations of cobalt were assessed. In Experiment 1, three levels of cobalt (0, 250, and 500 microgram/g) were fed in the presence and absence of .50% supplemental DL-methionine. Dietary additions of cobalt depressed growth rate and caused cobalt accumulation in the liver and kidney. Supplemental methionine in excess of the requirement for maximal chick weight gains partially alleviated the depression in performance and decreased cobalt accumulation in the liver and kidney. Two levels of cobalt (0 and 500 microgram/g) were fed in the presence and absence of .59% supplemental L-cysteine.HCl.H2O (isosulfurous to .50% DL-methionine) in Experiment 2. Again, cobalt depressed performance and accumulated in the liver and kidney. The surfeit of cysteine increased weight gain and decreased cobalt accumulation in the liver but not in the kidney. In Experiment 3, two levels of cobalt (0 and 250 microgram/g) were fed in the presence and absence of two levels of excess DL-methionine (.50 and 1.0%) or two levels of excess cysteine.HCl.H2O (.59 and 1.18%). Multiple linear regression analysis of gain on sulfur consumed from methionine or cysteine indicated that cysteine was almost 6 times more efficacious than methionine in alleviating cobalt toxicity. In fact, cysteine supplemented at a level of 1.18% completely alleviated the growth depression caused by 250 microgram/g cobalt. Both methionine and cysteine reduced cobalt accumulation in the liver and kidney, but the liver was affected to a greater extent than the kidney.
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PMID:The effect of methionine or cysteine on cobalt toxicity in the chick. 726 58

Tramadol-HCl was used clinically in the form of a continuous infusion as the analgesic component of a balanced anaesthetic technique. In over 90% of the anaesthetics a further injection of barbiturate and/or supplementary muscle relaxant was necessary because the patients did not tolerate the operative procedure. Although a higher dosage of Tramadol reduces significantly the supplementary barbiturate dosage per kilogram bodyweight per minute which is required, it has no effect on the incidence of reflex movements, nor does it prevent the marked intraoperative rise of diastolic blood pressure. The balanced anaesthetic with Tramadol-HCl is characterized by prompt awakening, total amnesia, good post-operative analgesia and minimal side effects (occasional nausea). In particular, there was no case in which there was noticeable respiratory depression. As insufficient analgesia and hypnosis is provided by Tramadol-HCl, making the administration of muscle relaxants and barbiturates obligatory, there is no significant advance in our technique of using Tramadol-HCl, despite the advantages which have been outlined.
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PMID:[The clinical usefulness of Tramadol-infusion anaesthesia (author's transl)]. 733 89

Hemodynamic function during spontaneous breathing (SB), IMV, IPPV, continuous positive airway pressure with 10 torr PEEP (CPAP10), IMV with 10 torr PEEP (IMV10), and continuous positive pressure ventilation with 10 torr PEEP (CPPV10) were studied in 13 normovolemic anesthetized dogs. Hemodynamic function was also studied during each type of ventilation after inducing acid aspiration with 0.1 molar HCl, 5 ml/kg, in these animals. In normal dogs, hemodynamic function during IMV and IPPV did not differ significantly from that observed in spontaneously breathing dogs. CPAP10 had no effect on the hemodynamic function. IMV10 decreased cardiac index, increased arterial-mixed venous O2 content difference (avDO2) compared to SB and decreased stroke index compared to SB, IMV, and CPAP10. CPPV10 significantly decreased cardiac and stroke indicies compared to SB, IMV, IPPV and CPAP10, and increased avDO2 compared to SB. After acid aspiration, IMV did not affect the hemodynamic function, but IPPV caused a significant decrease in stroke index compared to SB. Again, CPAP10 had no significant effect on the hemodynamic function. IMV10 decreased cardiac index and increased systemic vascular resistance compared to SB and decreased stroke index compared to SB and IMV. CPPV10 increased pulmonary vascular resistance and avDO2 compared to SB, decreased cardiac index compared to SB and IMV, decreased stroke index compared to SB, IMV, and CPAP10 and increased systemic vascular resistance compared to SB, IMV, IPPV, and CPAP10. Comparing percentage change of cardiac and stroke indices before and after aspiration indicated that the decrease in lung compliance caused by acid aspiration did not prevent the hemodynamic effects of different types of ventilation. Among different types of mechanical ventilation with PEEP, CPAP10 caused the least cardiovascular depression.
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PMID:Hemodynamic responses to different modes of mechanical ventilation in dogs with normal and acid aspirated lungs. 742 86


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