Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nuclear medicine has a place in the study of brain trauma, brain tumours, stroke, dementia epilepsy and depression. The development of new tracers labelled with widely available radionuclides, such as technetium-99m (99Tc) and iodine-123, has played a key role here. Practical methodology can now be implemented in the routine setting. Additional applications are reviewed in the context of brain death, encephalitis, post-viral fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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PMID:The role of nuclear medicine in neurology and psychiatry. 146 80

The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 receptor blocking properties of YM060, [(R)-5-[(1-methyl-3-indolyl)carbonyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H- benzimidazole hydrochloride], were examined by electrophysiological and radioligand binding studies. Results were compared with those for ondansetron, granisetron and the enantiomer (S-form) of YM060. 5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT, a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, induced dose-dependent depolarizations of rabbit nodose ganglion with ED50 values of 24.0 (19.9-29.1) and 40.1 (30.9-52.1) nmol, respectively (geometric mean, 95% CL). YM060, ondansetron, granisetron and the S-form dose-dependently inhibited 5-HT-induced depolarizations with IC50 values of 3.85 (2.47-5.98), 1.55 (1.26-1.91), 1.45 (1.18-1.79) and 13.5 (11.2-16.2) nM, respectively. Methysergide, a 5-HT1-like and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, at a concentration of 10(-5) M had no effect on responses to 5-HT. YM060 up to 10(-5) M produced no significant depression of depolarizing responses to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide and gamma-aminobutyric acid. YM060, ondansetron, granisetron and the S-form displaced specific binding of [3H]GR65630 to N1E-115 neuroblastoma cell membranes with Ki values of 0.091 (0.086-0.097), 7.03 (5.96-8.01), 2.02 (1.74-2.30) and 10.3 (9.96-10.6) nM, respectively. These results show that YM060, compared with ondansetron and granisetron, has considerably higher affinity for 5-HT3 receptors in N1E-115 cells and slightly less potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonistic activity in rabbit nodose ganglion. Moreover, the isomeric activity ratio (R-form/S-form) was approximately 112 in N1E-115 cells and no greater than 4 in the ganglion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Characterization of YM060, a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor antagonist, in rabbit nodose ganglion and N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. 146 24

Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) refers to the syndromes of transient hyperthyroidism, transient hypothyroidism, or both, occurring sequentially in the first 12 months postpartum. Approximately 5 to 9% of women develop the disorder in this period. PPTD is most often subclinical but some women will experience symptoms such as lack of energy and depression in the hypothyroid phase. The thyroid gland, which normally enlarges during pregnancy, will remain enlarged or enlarge further in the postpartum period in a significant number of affected women, instead of returning to the prepregnancy size as in unaffected women. The gland is painless and histologically demonstrates lymphocytic infiltration. PPTD is strongly associated with the presence of antimicrosomal and/or antithyroglobulin antibodies, which occur in up to 76% of cases. Antibody activity tends to increase in the postpartum period and to peak at the time of onset of the disorder. TSH receptor antibodies are not seen and the gland has low radioiodine uptake, distinguishing PPTD from Graves' disease. The HLA associations are controversial, as is the role of dietary iodine. The etiology of PPTD is almost certainly immunological, reflecting the phenomenon of rebound from the relative immune tolerance of pregnancy. Detection of the disorder is important in order to reassure or treat those who are symptomatic and because PPTD may recur in subsequent pregnancies. In addition, up to one third of affected women will go on to develop permanent hypothyroidism 2 to 4 years later. The role of screening for PPTD remains to be clarified.
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PMID:Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. 152 73

Thyroid disease in the elderly can be easily overlooked. Symptoms too often are explained away as normal processes of aging. Development of unstable illness, especially cardiac disease, is a frequent mode of presentation. One symptom or one clinical feature of thyroid disease in the elderly may be overwhelming in its presentation, as in apathetic hyperthyroidism, thyroid myopathy, depression and dementia. Physical examination of the thyroid gland can be helpful but in a high percentage of older patients the gland is normal to palpation. The treatment of hypothyroidism is straightforward. Only myxedema coma requires large doses of levothyroxine parenterally; all other forms of hypothyroidism are treated with oral levothyroxine. The dose is started very low and increased gradually over months. The euthyroid state is achieved gradually and safely. Hyperthyroidism can be treated by several modalities. In the unstable elderly patient, antithyroid medication can quickly produce a euthyroid state. When the patient is stable, further decisions can be made regarding definitive therapy. Radioactive iodine therapy is well-tolerated and effective. On occasion, a second course of therapy is needed to suppress hyperthyroidism. Close follow-up of all patients ever having received this therapy is needed to identify the development of hypothyroidism. Surgical thyroid ablation may be necessary in patients who fail to respond to radioactive iodine therapy. Abnormalities associated with unresolved thyromegaly, dysphagia, or tracheal compression may require surgical intervention. If suspicion exists that the gland is cancerous, surgical intervention is warranted.
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PMID:Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the elderly. 158 94

Using the emulsion technique, we have studied nucleation of ice in aqueous solutions containing silver iodide or Pseudomonas syringae. Using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), we determined characteristic temperatures of nucleation, and also rates of nucleation at selected temperatures. The freezing point depression induced by added solute is linearly related to the lowering of both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation temperature. Nucleation kinetics depend on a fifth power function of the temperature. Solute is found to affect the parameters of this relationship in different ways, dependent upon the nature of the catalytic site for ice nucleation. We have also studied the effect of composition on the linear propagation velocity (LPV) of ice in undercooled solutions contained in a U-tube. We have determined velocities in a range of concentrations of sugar solution at the same undercooling, and also as a function of undercooling. The role of added polymer has also been investigated. It is affected by the sugar concentration.
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PMID:Effect of solute on the nucleation and propagation of ice. 174 27

To examine the possible harmful effects of feeding Brussels sprouts to rats, groups of 10 male, weanling rats received the non-dehydrated vegetable in moist diets at levels providing 2.5-30% of the dry matter for 4 wk. A first study comprised test diets with 15 and 30% of the dry matter as uncooked or cooked Brussels sprouts and control diets without and with 0.2% potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) for comparison. The second study comprised diets with 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% of the cooked vegetable and diets with 0 and 20% of the cooked vegetable with extra iodine. Diets with the uncooked vegetable contained considerably less intact glucosinolates than did diets with the cooked product, probably as a result of more extensive enzymatic degradation in the uncooked product. Growth depression and decreased food intake, not accompanied by decreased food efficiency, occurred in rats fed 10% or more dry matter as Brussels sprouts. These findings were less marked with the cooked than with the uncooked vegetable, probably because of unpalatability. Decreased levels of blood haemoglobin and plasma thyroxin were found with 15% or more Brussels sprouts. Prothrombin times were increased if 2.5% or more was fed. Thyroid stimulating hormone was increased by feeding potassium thiocyanate, but not by feeding the vegetable. Increased kidney weights and impaired kidney function not accompanied by microscopic renal changes were observed in rats fed 10% or more Brussels sprouts. Increased liver weights, which occurred from the 5% level, were accompanied by microscopic hepatic changes only at feeding levels from 10% of the cooked vegetable. 'Morphological activation' of the thyroid was increased with 10% or more of the cooked vegetable and with 0.2% KSCN. Iodine supplementation of the diets did not influence the results obtained with the vegetable. These studies indicated that 2.5% Brussels sprouts dry matter in the diet was not without effect, and that the thyroid characteristics were less sensitive to Brussels sprouts than were other criteria examined.
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PMID:Effects of high levels of brussels sprouts in the diet of rats. 176 28

During one week, beginning 18 days after transplantation, nude mice bearing human colon carcinoma ranging from 115 to 943 mm3 (mean 335 mm3) were treated by repeated intravenous injections of either iodine-131-(131I) labeled intact antibodies or 131I-labeled corresponding F(ab')2 fragments of a pool of four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against distinct epitopes of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Complete tumor remission was observed in 8 of 10 mice after therapy with F(ab')2 and 6 of the animals survived 10 mo in good health. In contrast, after treatment with intact MAbs, tumors relapsed in 7 of 8 mice after remission periods of 1 to 3.5 mo despite the fact that body weight loss and depression of peripheral white blood cells, symptoms of radiation toxicity, and the calculated radiation doses for liver, spleen, bone, and blood were increased or equal in these animals as compared to mice treated with F(ab')2.
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PMID:Iodine-131-labeled MAb F(ab')2 fragments are more efficient and less toxic than intact anti-CEA antibodies in radioimmunotherapy of large human colon carcinoma grafted in nude mice. 218 61

Clinical and laboratory findings and long term outcome (1.5-9 yr) in 7 women and 1 man with chronic thyroiditis (CT) who had painful tender thyroid enlargement were evaluated and compared with those in 11 women with subacute thyroiditis (SAT). Histological features consistent with SAT were not demonstrable, and various forms of CT (fibrous variant, diffuse, or focal lymphocytic thyroiditis) were observed. There were no differences in mean age, duration of symptoms, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein values in the 2 diseases. Seven patients had a history of goiter, and none had a history of a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. The mean white blood cell count was significantly lower in CT than in SAT patients. Six CT patients had transient thyrotoxicosis with a marked depression of radioactive iodine uptake. Mean serum T4 and T3 levels and T3 to T4 ratio in these 6 patients did not differ from those in the SAT patients. Five (all with high antimicrosomal antibody titers) of 8 CT patients developed persistent hypothyroidism. In contrast, none of the SAT patients became permanently hypothyroid. TSH binding inhibitory immunoglobulins and thyroid stimulation-blocking antibody at recent examination were negative in these 5 patients. Patients with this disorder present with transient thyrotoxicosis, with a marked depression of the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake, and often develop goitrous or atropic persistent hypothyroidism. This disorder may represent acute exacerbation of an underlying immunological process during the course of CT. To differentiate this syndrome from SAT, thyroid biopsy is necessary.
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PMID:Chronic thyroiditis with painful tender thyroid enlargement and transient thyrotoxicosis. 240 3

This experimental study in rats examines the influence of tumour growth and RES function modulation on the kinetics of iodinated MAb IgG1 C241. The study was designed to investigate unspecific accumulation in liver and blood. C241 is raised against human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 and reacts with SiLea tumour-associated antigen, also known as tumour-associated antigen 19-9. In 26 rats, 2 micrograms 125I MAb C241 (lodobead labelling method) was given i.v. Blood, organ and tumour content was measured at 0.5, 24, 72 and 144 h. In 61 rats, 10 micrograms 131I MAb C241 (lodogen labelling method) was given i.v. The rats were divided into a non-tumour and a tumour-bearing group and subjected to RES function modulation with Zymosan stimulation or methyl palmitate depression. A syngeneic nitrosoguanidine-induced colonic carcinoma--mean 11 g--was growing in back subcutaneous tissue and hind leg musculature. Serum content of tumour-associated antigen was not found on IRMA testing and tumour content of SiLea ganglioside antigen was found only on lipid binding phase assay. The half-time in blood of iodinated MAb C241 was three days. In-vivo release of iodine was tested by plasma separation on a gel column. More than 90% of the iodine was in the IgG fraction. The activity distribution was almost in equilibrium after 24 h. A tumour/blood activity concentration ratio of 0.5 and liver/blood ratio of 0.3 remained at 72 h and 144 h. Radionuclide accumulation was equally low in the macrophage-rich liver and the kidneys. Tumour-bearing animals had significantly lower blood content (0.37 versus 0.99% g-1) and liver content (0.09 versus 0.31% g-1) at 144 h than non-tumour-bearing rats. The whole body content at 144 h was also lower (24% versus 35% of administered activity) (p = 0.10). Modulation of RES function had no significant influence on the whole body, blood or liver content of 131I MAb C241 activity in non-tumour-bearing animals. In tumour-bearing animals, RES stimulation with Zymosan increased the whole body, liver and blood content of 131I activity. The two tested methods of iodination gave similar results.
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PMID:Kinetics of radioiodinated monoclonal antibodies in the rat. Influence of tumour growth and reticuloendothelial system host modulation. 259 May 46

The administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells can mediate the regression of cancer. Treatment with IL-2 is associated with significant cardiorespiratory effects, as well as a leaky capillary syndrome requiring careful fluid management. A mild reversible depression of cardiac function is also associated with IL-2 treatment. All patients treated with recombinant IL-2 alone, with transfer of LAK cells, or with cyclophosphamide between December 1984 and September 1987 (total of 423 treatment courses in 317 total patients) were evaluated as to the development of significant cardiorespiratory toxicity. Of the 423 treatment courses, only 1.8% were associated with severe peripheral edema and only 2.8% and 3.1% respectively, were associated with significant ascites or pleural effusions. Thirty-nine of 423 patients (9.2%) had severe respiratory distress and 27 patients required intubation (6.4%). Cardiovascular effects included tachycardia and hypotension requiring vasopressor administration in 65% and intravenous (IV) fluid administration. Weight gain greater than or equal to 10% of body weight was noted in 32% of the 423 patients. Arrhythmias were primarily supraventricular (9.7%) and responded well to conventional medical treatments. Angina or ischemic changes were noted in 2.6% of patients and myocardial infarction in 1.2%. IL-2 caused peripheral vasodilation, with a significant decrease in peripheral vascular resistance (2,254 +/- 398 v 1,303 +/- 351 dyne.s.cm-5, P less than .0001), and an increase in heart rate (66.2 +/- 10 v 104.3 +/- 9.6 beats/min, P less than .0001). There was also evidence of mild cardiac dysfunction, with a significant decrease in the left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) index (P less than .0001) and ejection fraction (LVEF) (from 58% +/- 10% to 52% +/- 9%, P less than .03). A repeat LVEF performed after 1 to 3 months, had returned to baseline values (60% +/- 10%). A mean 64% increase in the rate of disappearance of radioactive iodine (125I) albumin (P less than .05) consistent with the development of a leaky capillary syndrome was noted. Patients with underlying cardiorespiratory diseases may be at greater risk during IL-2 administration and should not be selected to undergo this treatment.
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PMID:Cardiorespiratory effects of immunotherapy with interleukin-2. 278 38


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