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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clearance and micropuncture techniques were used to evaluate the effects of MK-196 on uric acid and electrolyte excretion by the rat kidney. The urinary excretion of sodium, uric acid, calcium and magnesium increased significantly following MK-196 administration. The major site of action with respect to sodium reabsorption was in the ascending limb of Henle's loop as revealed by depression of both free-water clearance and reabsorption. By contrast, microinjection studies with [2-14C]-urate revealed the major site of altered urate absorption to be in the proximal convoluted tubule, a site where sodium and water reabsorption was unchanged.
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PMID:Effects of MK-196 on urate and electrolyte excretion in the rat. 47 Nov 48

Interactions between some substances (theophylline, noradrenaline, imidazole, ouabain and verapamil) and adenosine or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were examined by recording the twitch tension of partially magnesium blocked phrenic-rat diaphragm preparations stimulated indirectly. Theophylline (an inhibitor of phosphodieterases) prevented and reversed the neuromuscular depression induced either by adenosine or ATP, and these substances antagonized the neuromuscular facilitation caused by imidazole (an activator of phosphodiesterases); noradrenaline and ouabain did not modify and verapamil increased that depression. These results indicate that the putative purine presynaptic receptor is not the ATPase, that it does not appear to operate by implication of cyclic AMP, but that it could mediate a process involved in the reduction of transmitter release by regulating the entry of calcium that follows the depolorization of the motor nerve endings.
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PMID:Purine effects at the neuromuscular junction and their modification by theophylline, imidazole and verapamil. 47 9

A 1-month-old Jersey calf died of oxalate nephropathy. The calf had access to antifreeze (ethylene glycol) 3 days prior to death. Since ethylene glycol toxicosis had not been reported in cattle, the effects or oral administration of ethylene glycol were studied in 7 calves and 3 cows. The toxic dose ranged from 2 to 10 ml of ethylene glycol per kg of body weight. Clinical signs were increased respiration, staggering gait, paraparesis, depression and later, recumbency and death. Hemoglobinuria and epistaxis were seen at doses of 10mg/kg of body weight. Azotemia, hypocalcemia and neutrophilia were constant findings whereas acidosis, plasma hyperosmolality and hemolytic anemia were seen in the animals receiving the higher doses. A diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicosis must be based upon a history of ingestion and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in body tissues (especially the kidney and brain).
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PMID:Ethylene glycol toxicosis in cattle. 47 24

The effects on spontaneous and ionophore-induced transmitter release of the inorganic dye, ruthenium red (RuR), a known inhibitor of calcium binding sites, were observed at the frog sartorius neuromuscular junction using intracellular recording techniques. Both crude and purified RuR, at concentrations of 1 and 5 micron depressed or blocked spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) and reduced postsynaptic sensitivity to ACh, the crude dye being more potent than the pure. Pretreatment of muscles with RuR prevented the catastrophic reaction of junctions to 100 micron X537A ionophore. Increased levels of Ca2+ restored spontaneous transmitter release to control levels after depression or blockade by RuR. It was concluded that RuR blocks a critical membrane-bound binding site for calcium which is necessary for quantal release of transmitter.
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PMID:Depression of spontaneous and ionophore-induced transmitter release by ruthenium red at the neuromuscular junction. 48 23

The nature of the myocardial depression observed in patients with septic shock, and in animals late in shock induced by endotoxin, is still under examination. These studies, in cats and kittens administered an LD80 dose of E coli endotoxin, were designed to examine the relationship between changes in myocardial contractility, in cellular electrophysiology and in ultrastructural morphology. There was no difference between tension developed in vitro by cardiac muscle removed from cats five hours after endotoxin administration and from cats not administered endotoxin. There was also no difference in their responses to calcium chloride or to anoxia. The action potential characteristics of ventricular muscle isolated from endotoxin treated cats were also not different from control, and ultrastructural damage was minimal and not extensive. Endotoxin (100 microgram/ml) had no effect on cardiac muscle in vitro, even after a one-hour contact time. It is concluded that the integrity of the myocardium is maintained even late in shock and that endotoxin has no direct effects on the heart.
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PMID:Myocardial function in feline endotoxin shock: a correlation between myocardial contractility, electrophysiology, and ultrastructure. 49 26

1. Silices of guinea-pig olfactory cortex were cut at 550 micrometer nominal thickness and preincubated at 24 +/- 0.5 degrees C for than 2 1/2 hr. They were then stimulated via the lateral olfactory tract, and field potential recordings were made from all regions of the slice. 2. Potentials recorded resembled those described previously, but it was noticed the early N-wave had two distinct components, which we designated the N'a' wave (earlier) and N'b' wave (later). Evidence was obtained that this was not a consequence of the division of a single population e.p.s.p. (N-wave) into two by a P notch (synchronous discharge of post-synaptic action potentials). 3. In some slices the N'a' wave and N'b' wave had similar thresholds, and in others the N'a' wave had the slightly lower threshold. 4. The N'b' wave was best developed at low frequencies of stimulation (less than 0.1 Hz), and considerably depressed with stimulation above 1 Hz. This was most evident with submaximal stimulation. 5. Exploration of the distribution of peak amplitudes and latencies of the N'a' and N'b' waves showed that the N'a' wave could have been directly initiated by lateral olfactory tract action potentials, while the N'B' wave could not. The N'b' wave amplitude was relatively larger towards the periphery of the slices, away from the tract. In a few cases, an N'b' wave could be recorded in the absence of an N'a' wave at that site. 6. Depth studies showed that the origin of the N'b' wave lay deeper in the slice than that of the N'a' wave. 7. The effect of conditioning stimulation on the N'a' and N'b' waves was examined. The N'b' wave was more depressed at short conditioning intervals than the N'a' wave, and showed less later potentiation. The recovery of the N'b' wave from conditioning was much slowed with submaximal stimulation, and when trials were repeated at low frequency. 8. The N'a' and N'b' components persisted when the slice was warmed to near-physiological temperatures, and showed a similar pattern of response to conditioning stimulation as had been found at lower temperatures. 9. N'a' and N'b' waves could still be recorded when slices were incubated in a medium containing 1.2 mM-Mg2+ and 1.2 mM-Ca2+. These physiological concentrations were about half those routinely employed. There was little or no depression of the N'b' component by conditioning stimulation in this medium. 10. The N'a' wave is probably a result of e.p.s.p.s in apical dendrites of superficial pyramidal cells, initiated by transmitter release from lateral olfactory tract axon collaterals. The N'b' wave may reflect e.p.s.p.s in the apical dendrites of deeper pyramidal cell elicited by firing in recurrent collaterals from superficial pyramidal cell axons.
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PMID:Mono-and multi-synaptic origin of the early surface-negative wave recorded from guinea-pig olfactory cortex in vitro. 50 82

Three analogs of lidocaine (benzyl carbamyl, benzyl nitrile and methyl nitrile) were synthesized and examined for cardiovascular and central activity. The benzyl carbamyl analog was more potent than lidocaine in lowering blood pressure but possessed only slight local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic and CNS-depressant activity. At 40 mg/kg the benzyl nitrile derivative was superior to lidocaine in protecting against chloroform-induced arrhythmias. The methyl nitrile analog was less active than the benzyl nitrile analog in most parameters examined. The benzyl nitrile derivative and lidocaine had similar potencies on blood pressure depression, local anesthetic activity and ability to protect against calcium chloride-induced arrhythmias. Unlike the benzyl carbamyl derivative both lidocaine and the benzyl nitrile compounds appear to depress the cardiovascular system via a common mechanism.
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PMID:Selected cardiovascular and central properties of three lidocaine analogs. 51 67

42 horses were examined. The physical signs with relation to circulatory insufficiency and the abdominal disease were registered following a two-phased examination procedure. Great prognostic value was found in the degree of circulatory insufficiency judged by pulse rate and character, filling of the jugular vein, skin temperature, colour of mucous membranes, capillary refill time, sweating, depression, skin turgor and degree of enophthalmus. In making a causal diagnosis the abdomen was examined for shape, tenderness, peristaltic sounds, gastric dilation by siphoning, abnormal rectal findings and macroscopic changes in peritoneal fluid. Greatest diagnostic difficulties were encountered in cases of intestinal atonia, acute enteritis and torsion of the colon. In selected (severe) cases laboratory tests were obtained. Blood samples were examined for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, differential white blood cell count, blood gases and acid-base status, lactate, serum total protein and albumin, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, creatinine, BUN, total bilirubin, ASAT, CK, BASP and GGT. Peritoneal fluid was examined for red blood and white cell counts, total protein, specific gravity, pH and lactate, and enzymes as in blood. Laboratory results generally confirmed the clinical signs of shock, and packed cell volume and blood lactate were regarded to be of greatest prognostic interest. Although the performed laboratory information, macroscopic evaluation was thought to reveal sufficient information in most cases. It was concluded that supervening shock is of decisive importance in severe forms of colic, and that a careful and repeated evaluation of the circulatory insufficiency often provides one with a tentative prognosis although the final diagnosis is not obtained. In spite of therapy fatal outcome was found in all seriously shocked horses.
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PMID:Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. 52 9

The effect of verapamil on Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation was investigated in isolated rat kidney cortex mitochondria. For the 50% inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation, 2 x 10(-4) M verapamil concentration was required in the presence of ATP (2 mM) and phosphate (5 mM). Omission of phosphate from the medium increased the inhibitory effect of verapamil on Ca2+ accumulation. Verapamil had no effect on Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of both ATP and succinate (7.8 mM), but further addition of phosphate resulted in a significant inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation by verapamil. Mg2+ accumulation of mitochondria was similarly depressed by verapamil. The same tendency was found as for the modification of verapamil effect by acetate in mitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation. Succinate oxidation of mitochondria was not affected by verapamil in the absence of phosphate, but was inhibited by verapamil in the presence of phosphate. Therefore, it seemed reasonable to assume that the depression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport of mitochondria by verapamil is modulated by permeant anions.
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PMID:Effect of verapamil on the calcium and magnesium transports of rat kidney cortex mitochondria. 53 83

In 15 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease and reproducible exercise induced ischemic ST-segment depression the antianginal effect of Perhexilinmaleat was tested in a cross-over randomized double-blind trial. The patients were treated 4 weeks with a placebo, 2 weeks with 200 mg and 2 weeks with 400 mg/day Perhexilinmaleat. The exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression was significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) by Perhexilinmaleat. This calcium-antagonist drug also prolonged the PQ-interval and reduced the heart rate during exercise. Some liver specific enzymes were slightly elevated. These and other side effects more often occurred at the higher dose of 400 mg/day.
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PMID:[Influence of perhexilinmaleat on the exercise electrocardiogram (author's transl)]. 54 2


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