Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Scope for growth (SfG), a measure of energy balance (between food intake and metabolic output) within animals, has been used as an indicator of pollution stress in marine systems. However, it has not been used commonly in freshwater systems and here we investigate the sensitivity of SfG in Gammarus pulex, a benthic freshwater crustacean, under conditions often associated with pollution. The effects of four specific substances were investigated; a metal (zinc), an organic (3,4-dichloroaniline), and two dissolved gases (oxygen and ammonia). In all cases SfG was reduced by the stress, primarily due to a depression in energy intake. Only with ammonia was energy output (respiration) significantly affected.
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PMID:Effect of stress on a freshwater benthic detritivore: scope for growth in Gammarus pulex. 236 11

To examine how fat might influence the metabolic effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), human recombinant TNF alpha was given intravenously to rats that had been fed for 12 weeks on diets containing (g/kg) 200 maize oil or 190 coconut oil + 10 maize oil. Rectal temperature and tissue composition measurements were made 8 and 24 h after injection. Ambient temperatures of 20 degrees and 25 degrees were employed to accentuate rectal temperature changes. Doses of 30 and 300 micrograms TNF alpha/kg body-weight were given, and brought about depression of serum zinc and albumin and elevation of copper. Muscle protein content was decreased and liver protein and Zn content enhanced by TNF alpha. Serum Zn and liver Zn content were negatively correlated 8 h after injections. Hypothermia developed within 1 h of injection. All responses except the rise in serum Cu and gain in liver Zn were more intense at the higher than at the lower dose of TNF alpha. Hypothermia was exacerbated by an environmental temperature of 20 degrees. The coconut-oil diet blunted the hypothermia and likewise the changes in serum albumin and Cu content 8 h after injections and in muscle and liver protein after 24 h. Changes in eicosanoid metabolism may be involved in the modulatory effects of the coconut-oil-enriched diet.
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PMID:Dietary fat modifies some metabolic actions of human recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha in rats. 238 39

Addition of zinc-chloride or zinc-orotate to the lavage medium successfully influences the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. The effect of these zinc compounds is not doses-linear. 20 and 30 mg/l ZnCl2 cause a rather strong, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg/l ZnCl2 a weak depression in the release of histamine. An increase in the histamine release is caused by 40 mg/l ZnCl2. A similar, likewise non-doses-linear effect, can be observed with zinc-orotate. Concentrations of 10 and 30 mg/l zinc-orotate cause a decrease of the release; 0.05, 0.1, 1 and 60 mg/l have only minimal effects; an addition of 90 mg/l leads to an increase in the histamine release. Related to the Zn2+ ion the effect of zinc-chloride and zinc-orotate is not equivalent.
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PMID:Some aspects of a non-linear effect of zinc ions on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. 243 70

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of immunologic stress on methionine and lysine requirements of growing chicks. Immunologic stress was elicited by injection of either Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus every other day for 6 d. In the first experiment, diets were formulated to provide methionine levels of 0.30, 0.50 and 0.70%. In the second experiment, diets contained 0.75, 0.90 or 1.2% lysine. In chicks fed amino acid-sufficient diets, those chicks injected with immunogens had slower growth, lower feed intake and poorer efficiency of feed utilization than those injected with saline. The decreases due to immunogens were diminished in chicks fed amino acid-deficient diets. The methionine requirements of saline- and immunogen-injected chicks were above 0.5% and between 0.3 and 0.5%, respectively; the lysine requirements were greater than 0.95% and between 0.7 and 0.95%, respectively. Thus immunogen injection decreased methionine and lysine requirements, probably because of a decreased need of amino acids for growth and tissue accretion. Immunogen-induced depression in serum zinc and increase in serum copper levels were ameliorated by lysine or methionine deficiencies. Compared with saline-injected chicks, immunogen-injected chicks had significantly higher serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity by 53% when fed the methionine-sufficient diet, but they did not have significantly greater IL-1 levels when fed the methionine-deficient diet. These observations indicate that the diminished expression of immunologic stress in amino acid-deficient chicks is due to an impaired immune response.
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PMID:Decreased amino acid requirements of growing chicks due to immunologic stress. 245 41

Interleukin 1 (IL 1) production is stimulated by infection, cellular injury, and inflammation. This cytokine directs a wide spectrum of host responses. Human interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha) was used to examine the time course of effects on zinc metabolism as part of the acute phase response. IL 1 produced a transient depression in the serum zinc concentration and increased serum ceruloplasmin. Metallothionein levels were increased in liver 14-fold after IL 1. Increased expression of metallothionein-1 and -2 genes following IL 1 were observed in liver, bone marrow, and thymus. Pulse-labeling experiments with i.v.-administered 65Zn showed that IL 1 drastically altered zinc distribution kinetics among tissues. More 65Zn was taken up (and/or retained) by the liver, bone marrow, and thymus 6 h after IL 1, whereas correspondingly less 65Zn was found in bone, skin, and intestine. Uptake by other tissues was not affected by IL 1. Chromatography of cytosol from tissues with increased 65Zn uptake suggests the IL 1-induced redistribution may be driven by enhanced metallothionein synthesis. Collectively, the results show that IL 1 regulates zinc metabolism and may direct its preferential, tissue-specific distribution via elevated metallothionein-1 and -2 gene expression.
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PMID:Tissue-specific regulation of zinc metabolism and metallothionein genes by interleukin 1. 245 83

Experiments were conducted to determine the basis of the reduction in tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations by excess dietary zinc (Zn) in chicks fed purified diets. These reductions were preceded by elevations in the Zn concentrations of plasma and pancreas, and in the amylase activity of plasma and by reductions of exportable enzymes of the pancreas. Chicks fed similar levels of Zn as supplements to a non-purified diet showed no such impairments in either exocrine pancreatic function or tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Depression of feed intake and subsequent changes of concentrations of tissue lipid components by excess dietary Zn accounted for only a minor portion of the reduction of tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations were moderately correlated with tissue lipid concentrations. The rate of appearance of radioactivity from an oral dose of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol-[3,4-3H]2 in plasma was reduced by 64% by addition of 500 mg Zn/kg to the purified diet for 2 wk. These results indicate that impaired enteric absorption and/or transport of vitamin E as a consequence of Zn-induced pancreatic insufficiency is a major cause of reduced tissue concentrations of alpha-tocopherol produced by excess dietary Zn.
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PMID:Excess dietary zinc decreases tissue alpha-tocopherol in chicks. 246 40

1. We have investigated the influence of environmental temperature, anaesthesia and route of administration on rectal temperature and other metabolic responses to two preparations of bacterial endotoxin in male adult Wistar rats. 2. Urethane anaesthesia, environmental temperatures of 20 and 28 degrees C, subcutaneous (S.C.) and intraperitoneal (I.P.) routes of administration and butanol and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extracts of E. coli endotoxin (1.2 mg/kg) were used. 3. In addition to rectal temperature, serum zinc, albumin and urea concentrations and liver protein, RNA and zinc contents were measured. 4. Fevers were produced by injections of both endotoxins, by either route at 28 degrees C. Butanol-extracted endotoxin produced a more rapid response than the TCA extract via the I.P. route whereas the TCA extract produced a higher temperature than the butanol extract when the S.C. route was used. 5. Fevers were inhibited at an environmental temperature of 20 degrees C and by anaesthesia, while the former had no effect on compositional changes the latter inhibited the fall in serum zinc in response to subcutaneous doses of either endotoxin and the increase in liver zinc content in response to the butanol extract of endotoxin. 6. At 20 degrees C a marked fall in rectal temperature occurred in conscious rats 2 h after receiving the TCA but not the butanol extract of endotoxin. Temperature depression was more severe when endotoxin was administered by the I.P. route. 7. Serum urea was elevated in conscious rats by the TCA extract of endotoxin via both routes but only by the I.P. route for the butanol extract of endotoxin. In anaesthetized animals only the TCA extract of endotoxin raised serum urea concentration when given intraperitoneally. 8. Serum albumin and liver protein and RNA were unaffected by endotoxin injections over the 7 h time course of the study. 9. Rectal temperature responses to endotoxins were influenced in direction and magnitude by all variables employed in the study, while compositional changes were unaffected by environmental temperature but influenced to varying degrees by urethane anaesthesia and the route of administration employed.
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PMID:Effects of urethane, ambient temperature and injection route on rat body temperature and metabolism due to endotoxins. 247 10

The addition of copper to a corn-soybean diet at levels of 200 mg/kg and above lessened the growth-retarding effect of vanadate for chicks. This interaction between vanadate and copper was evident in both ad libitum-fed chicks and chicks in which feed consumption was restricted to approximately equal amounts. The ameliorating effect of copper was not accompanied by changes in the femur levels of vanadium nor by changes in the hepatic or renal glutathione concentrations. Zinc added at 515 mg/kg of diet had no effect on the toxicity of vanadium. Sodium sulfate added at a level to supply the same amount of sulfate, as supplied by 500 mg/kg copper sulfate, was without effect on the vanadate-induced growth depression. The underlying mechanism of the interaction of copper and vanadium is not known, but it does not lie in changes in feed consumption or organ burdens of vanadium, as represented by the femur vanadium concentrations.
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PMID:Effect of dietary copper on vanadate toxicity in chicks. 248 24

Blood copper, zinc, magnesium and lead levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy for 15 males and 16 females suffering from depression, 6 males and 1 female with mental retardation and 3 males and 4 females with seizure disorders. They were all under no medication and belonged to low income groups. No difference in copper levels was found between the sexes in any of the groups. The levels in all the groups were significantly higher than in the normals. In depressives, males had significantly higher zinc levels than females and only female depressives had significantly different (lower) levels from normals. In both depressives and normals, males had higher magnesium levels than females but no group of patients had significantly different levels from normals. Lead levels were significantly higher in female depressives and for those with seizure disorders than for controls. At least one metal abnormality was found in 21 (67.7%) depressive, 5 (71.4%) of those with mental retardation and 6 (85.7%) with seizure disorders.
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PMID:Trace element studies on Karachi population. Part IV: Blood copper, zinc, magnesium and lead levels in psychiatric patients with depression, mental retardation and seizure disorders. 251 24

1. In previous studies we have shown that hepatic copper and zinc increases and liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 activities greatly decreases in adjuvant arthritic rats. 2. In the present paper we study if the changes in copper and zinc could be related to depression of drug microsomal activity. Thus, the effect of in vitro addition of copper or zinc to microsomal fraction upon aminopyrine N-demethylase (AND) and aniline p-hydroxylase (APH) activity was measured. 3. Both metals produced an inhibition of enzyme activity. The reduction of AND and APH activities produced by copper (ID25 = 4.7 x 10(-5)M to AND; 1.05 x 10(-5)M to APH) was greater than that obtained with zinc (ID25 = 2.26 x 10(-4)M to AND; 3.3 x 10(-4)M to APH).
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PMID:Effects in vitro of copper and zinc on hepatic cytochrome P-450 activities. 257 90


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