Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dantrolen sodium is a muscle relaxant, which is used in the treatment of spasticity. Although it is given chronically, little is known about its pharmacokinetic behaviour. The relationship between the effect of a single oral dose of dantrolene sodium and its plasma concentration in healthy volunteers was studied by measuring the effect on the twitch tension, and in spastic patients on the decrease in muscle hypertonia. On the twitch tension dantrolene gave a depression of 49.1 +/- 9.4% (+/- DS) within 1.15 and 3.45 h after ingestion of 100 mg. The mean maximal plasma concentration was 1.24 +/- 0.32 microgram/ml (+/- SD). The effect and the plasma concentration were correlated. No relationship between the plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium and its effect could be established in patients, although definite activity in 6 out of 7 patients was observed after a single oral dose of 100 mg, and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium greater than 0.3 microgram/ml were consistenly associated with better results than placebo treatment in 6 out of 7 patients.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between plasma concentration and effect of dantrolene sodium in man. 49 21

Hyponatremia with simultaneous renal sodium loss was associated with the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog with heartworm disease. Antidiuresis caused expansion of extracellular fluid volume, which induced renal salt wasting and a negative sodium balance. The combination of water retention, salt wasting, and inactivation of intracellular solute contributes to the decrease in serum sodium concentration. Water intoxication due to hypotonicity of body gluids induced anorexia, depression, weakness, and incoordination.
 ...
PMID:Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog. 50 Apr 39

The pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin (10(-6) M) caused a frequency-dependent depression of the action potential in frog myelinated nerve fibres which was associated with a progressive membrane depolarisation brought about by summation of depolarising after-potentials. Voltage clamp experiments with single nodes of Ranvier showed that this afterpotential was most probably due to a long-lasting prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the membrane. The results indicate that decamethrin, like the other pyrethroids, specifically affects the sodium channels of the nerve membrane.
 ...
PMID:Frequency-dependent effects of the pyrethroid insecticide decamethrin in frog myelinated nerve fibres. 51 Mar 84

Numerous community drinking water sources have elevated levels of both sodium and lead. Recently reported studies have indicated that elevated levels of sodium in drinking water may be a facter in the development of elevated blood pressure. The question of how elevated levels of lead may affect sodium induced elevated blood pressure is addressed. The hypothesis is developed which states that elevated levels of lead exposure will not interact with sodium to enhance the development of renin angiotensin aldosterone related hypertension but in fact may even diminish the effects of exposure to elevated amounts of sodium on blood pressure through a depression of plasma renin activity.
 ...
PMID:Does exposure to elevated levels of lead enhance sodium induced hypertension? 51 19

While recording several respiratory parameters, sodium pentobarbital (PB) was infused into the inferior vena cava of spontaneously breathing, PB anesthetized cats. Three cat groups were investigated: intact control (group A); vagotomized (group B); pneumotaxic center-lesioned (group C). With a few exceptions, all cats developed PB-induced inspiratory apneusis. Groups B and C exhibited 10-sec inspiratory hold pattern at significantly lower PB levels than group A cats. All groups developed apnea at different PB levels. Ventilation was consistently depressed, predominantly by breathing frequently attenuation. Tidal volume remained comparable to control, but decreased in vagotomized cats at high PB levels. These results are interpreted to signify that (1) inspiratory inhibitory inputs are more susceptible to depression by PB than inspiratory drive mechanisms; (2) the breathing pattern of apneusis results when summed inspiratory inhibition is reduced below a critical minimum level; (3) vagal and pneumotaxic center inhibitions on inspiration are equally weighted at apneusis, but not at apnea. These results are further discussed in terms of the inspiratory off-switch model. A possible model of Biot respiration is also introduced.
 ...
PMID:Pentobarbital-induced apneusis in intact, vagotomized, and pneumotaxic-lesioned cats. 51 61

42 horses were examined. The physical signs with relation to circulatory insufficiency and the abdominal disease were registered following a two-phased examination procedure. Great prognostic value was found in the degree of circulatory insufficiency judged by pulse rate and character, filling of the jugular vein, skin temperature, colour of mucous membranes, capillary refill time, sweating, depression, skin turgor and degree of enophthalmus. In making a causal diagnosis the abdomen was examined for shape, tenderness, peristaltic sounds, gastric dilation by siphoning, abnormal rectal findings and macroscopic changes in peritoneal fluid. Greatest diagnostic difficulties were encountered in cases of intestinal atonia, acute enteritis and torsion of the colon. In selected (severe) cases laboratory tests were obtained. Blood samples were examined for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, differential white blood cell count, blood gases and acid-base status, lactate, serum total protein and albumin, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, creatinine, BUN, total bilirubin, ASAT, CK, BASP and GGT. Peritoneal fluid was examined for red blood and white cell counts, total protein, specific gravity, pH and lactate, and enzymes as in blood. Laboratory results generally confirmed the clinical signs of shock, and packed cell volume and blood lactate were regarded to be of greatest prognostic interest. Although the performed laboratory information, macroscopic evaluation was thought to reveal sufficient information in most cases. It was concluded that supervening shock is of decisive importance in severe forms of colic, and that a careful and repeated evaluation of the circulatory insufficiency often provides one with a tentative prognosis although the final diagnosis is not obtained. In spite of therapy fatal outcome was found in all seriously shocked horses.
 ...
PMID:Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. 52 9

Central circulation, renal function, and fluoride formation and excretion were studied in nine patients during enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Cardiac output and mean systemic arterial pressure remained unchanged compared with preoperative control values. During anaesthesia and surgery, urine flow rate, inulin clearance, PAH clearance and fractional sodium excretion were 60, 65, 55, and 45% of control values, respectively. Mean peak plasma level of fluoride was 20.0 microM. It was reached 4 hours after termination of anaesthesia. Fluoride clearance (CF) decreased from 23.9 ml . min-1 to 2.7 ml . min-1 during anaesthesia. Postoperative, CF increased to 41.6 and 76.0 ml . min-1, respectively, during two consecutive measurement periods. There was no correlation between plasma fluoride levels and depression of any renal function variable.
 ...
PMID:Renal function and fluoride formation and excretion during enflurane anaesthesia. 53 40

The effects of various cations on the water unit activity were studied by recording unitary discharges in the superior laryngeal nerve fibers of the rabbit. Chloride salts of Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+ depressed the water response, while sulfate salts of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+ facilitated it. Cations were less effective in stimulating action than anions. The depression of the water response in the laryngeal nerve has been thought to be caused by permeation of the stimulating anions through the receptor membrane and/or by destruction of the water structure on the membrane surface induced by adsorbed anions (SHINGAI, 1977 a). In order to differentiate these two possible actions of anions, the effects of benzenesulfonate and trichloroacetate were examined, because these anions were expected to be impermeant through the receptor membrane and to have a water structure-breaking effect. These anions showed no effect on the water response in concentrations below 320 mM. Measurements of the viscosity and the density of the electrolyte solutions showed that benzenesulfonate had a strong water structure-breaking effect. These results suggested that impermeant anions having water structure-breaking actions do not influence the excitability of the water receptor and that the depression of the water response by anions in the stimulating solution is caused by a hyperpolarization generated by permeation of the anions through the receptor membrane.
 ...
PMID:Physicochemical study of receptive mechanism of laryngeal water fibers in the rabbit. 53 47

The separate administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) to male rats in drinking water or a combined administration of both (50 ppm Hg, 15 ppm Se) caused different signs of toxicity over a 22 week period. The HgCl2 group showed histopathological and ultrastructural lesions as evidenced by periportal fatty degeneration and cell necrosis in the liver and tubular necrosis with proteinaceous casts in the kidney. The Na2SeO4 group showed the most severe depression of growth and food and water consumption, but no pathological changes were seen in the liver or kidney. Simultaneous administration of both toxicants produced a protective effect on weight loss and histopathology. These effects were associated with the formation of electron dense nuclear inclusions in kidney proximal tubule cells and similar electron dense formations in the reticuloendothelial cell cytoplasm and in the extracellular space of Disse in the liver. These formations were shown to contain both Se and Hg by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The basis of the protective interaction of these two elements appears to result from an alteration of the chemical form or association of the mercury and selenium.
 ...
PMID:Effects of separate and combined chronic mercuric chloride and sodium selenate administration in rats: histological, ultrastructural, and x-ray microanalytical studies of liver and kidney. 54 21

Two types of AD and post-AD sequences are described. Type 1, which were most common (83%), are followed by a profound post-ictal depression (PID). PIDs can be quantitatively measured by integrating the EEG. The post-ictal EEG power normally returned to 75% of its prestimulation power within 4-5 min. PIDs are usually interrupted by a brief rebound AD, occurring about 1.5 min after the end of the AD. Wet dog shakes (WDSs) often punctuate the end of the AD and the end of the rebound AD. Type II ADs (12% of those recorded) do not have profound PID, but do have irregular post-ictal spikes which may persist for over 30 min. Type IIa ADs do not have the post-ictal spikes or the PID, and represented 5% of the ADs recorded. Females had higher AD thresholds than males, and had more Type IIa ADs than males during threshold testing. AD durations were longest in the subiculum and shortest in the area dentata. Correlations among the different measures of AD activity are discussed. With repeated elicitation, AD and PID durations increased. Stimuli 400% of threshold produced shorter ADs and longer PIDs than stimuli 115% of threshold. High intensity stimuli did not significantly alter frequency of WDSs or rebound AD characteristics. Increasing dosages of sodium pentobarbital decreased AD duration, increased threshold, decreased the probability of a Type I AD and produced depressions which were not accompanied by rebound ADs. At the highest (30 mg/kg) dosage of sodium pentobarbital, the spike frequency within the AD was decreased. When PIDs occurred, they were somewhat longer at higher dosages of sodium pentobarbital. The feasibility of the AD as an index of neurotoxicity is discussed, and it is concluded that it may provide a valuable mirror of dysfunction in the hippocampal formation. Further work must determine its sensitivity to toxicant-induced alterations.
 ...
PMID:Hippocampal afterdischarges and their post-ictal sequelae in rats: a potential tool for assessment of CNS neurotoxicity. 55 3


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>