Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lithium-treated and drug-free individuals were each given 0.5 mg epinephrine subcutaneously and blood samples withdrawn for measurement of plasma cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. The rise in plasma cyclic GMP in response to epinephrine was found to be partially inhibited by lithium treatment, and previous reports of lithium inhibition of the plasma cyclic AMP rise were replicated. Effects of lithium on cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP may relate to lithium's biphasic efficacy in depression and mania.
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PMID:Partial inhibition by lithium of the epinephrine-stimulated rise in plasma cyclic GMP in humans. 624 10

Lithium administration has been shown to attenuate the leukopenia associated with systemic chemotherapy. The results of a randomized trial of lithium in 45 patients with small cell lung cancer who received combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy are reported. Patients randomized to receive lithium were started on 300 mg three times daily for 18 days of every 21 day chemotherapy cycle. Patients who received lithium experienced significantly less mid-cycle leukocyte and neutrophil count depression and spent fewer days with leukopenia and neutropenia than control patients regardless of age or extent of disease. Patients who received lithium spent fewer days hospitalized and fewer days with fever in the presence of severe neutropenia than control patients. The cumulative risk of fever with signs of infection was greater in control patients regardless of age, disease extent or the presence of marrow involvement. Patients who were given lithium received significantly more chemotherapy than control patients. Patient survival was greatest in those with limited disease, in complete responders and in those who received more than 75 percent of their induction chemotherapy although it did not differ between the two study groups. The majority of patients required either reduction or discontinuation of lithium. Those who received lithium continuously demonstrated a higher objective response rate and longer survival than either patients in whom the lithium had to be discontinued or those randomized to the control group. Infection was an important cause of death in the control group and cardiovascular event occurred frequently in the lithium group, but the major cause of death in this patient population remains progressive malignant disease.
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PMID:Lithium carbonate in patients with small cell lung cancer receiving combination chemotherapy. 626 91

Lithium, a drug used in the prophylactic control of recurrent depression, and tranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase inhibiting agent used acutely to treat ongoing depressive episodes, are examined in a behavioural test designed to give information about drug effects upon stimulus analysis and motor activity, with appropriate adjustments being made for state dependence and memory effects. Neither drug has marked effects on motor activity according to the results of the test, but whereas lithium suppresses stimulus analysis, tranylcypromine appears to stimulate that function. The results are discussed in the context of a model of affective disorders based on stimulus analysis dysfunction.
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PMID:Psychoactive drugs and stimulus analysis: IV. The experimental discrimination of acute and prophylactic antidepressants. 632 72

A model as to how lithium may work in the treatment and prevention of manic-depression is presented. Lithium accumulates intracellularly, and accumulates preferentially in more active neurons. Intracellular accumulation of lithium displaces intracellular sodium, which, in turn, decreases intracellular calcium. A decrease of intracellular calcium normalizes neuron activity in both mania and depression. This model is supported by the majority of clinical and experimental data.
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PMID:The Na,K-ATPase hypothesis for manic-depression. II. The mechanism of action of lithium. 632 19

Neuroendocrine strategies in affective disorders have explored both resting values of hormones and hormonal responses to stimuli such as hypoglycemia, TRH, LHRH, dexamethasone, methadone and morphine. The abnormalities established to date have involved growth hormone, cortisol and TSH responses in particular. Prolactin has not been investigated to the same extent. We therefore describe several prolactin studies exemplifying selected neuroendocrine strategies. Our studies of prolactin responses included acute cases of either primary or secondary depression, stabilized bipolar patients, and healthy controls both off and on lithium. We found prolactin response to hypoglycemia significantly reduced in primary but not secondary depressions. Lithium administration led to flattened prolactin responses to hypoglycemia in stabilized bipolar patients but not in healthy controls. The flattened response in patients was observed already after 3 weeks of lithium, and remained flattened after years of treatment. The findings suggest a greater degree of prolactin response reduction in those patients showing most pronounced stability on lithium treatment.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine strategies in affective disorders. 642 Aug 43

The evidence for the involvement of vanadium in the aetiology of manic depressive psychosis is reviewed. Raised levels of vanadium have been reported in plasma in mania and depression and raised hair levels reported in mania. Lithium has been reported to reduce the inhibition of Na-K ATPase by vanadate. Several groups of psychotropic drugs (e.g. phenothiazines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors) have been shown to catalyse the reduction of vanadate to the less active vanadyl ion. Therapies based on decreasing vanadate levels in the body (e.g. ascorbic acid, EDTA, methylene blue) have been reported to be effective in both depression and mania.
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PMID:Vanadium and manic depressive psychosis. 644 82

A long-term epidemiological genetic study was conducted in which all new patients were evaluated prospectively at the Foundation for Depression and Manic Depression and two Lithium/Affective Disorders clinics at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between the years of 1972 and 1978. All patients met Feighner, RDC and DSM III criteria for Major Depressive Disorder after initial clinical screening interviews and were further subtyped using the Fieve-Dunner 7-point criteria. All 604 probands and 90% of 2711 first-degree relatives were interviewed blindly by diagnosticians trained in the use of the SADS structured interview. Cumulative morbid risk in parents, siblings and children of 490 bipolar probands was 15.6 +/- 3% and 14.0 +/- 1.7% in the first-degree relatives of 114 unipolar probands. A number of biological and genetic marker studies were simultaneously performed on samples of the overall population. The enzymes catechol O-methyltransferase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and the dexamethasone suppression test (SDT) did not show any biological marker value for outpatients even though both enzymes were determined to have hereditability. The HLA system, monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase segregated differently from normal controls in samples of the patient population. The positive association findings with monoamine oxidase and the HLA system conflicted with the positive findings of other investigators, leaving doubtful their biological marker value. Red cell acetylcholinesterase was found to be significantly lower in affective disorder patients than in controls. This positive association finding was recently replicated by Mathews et al. (1982) but needs further confirmation. Using 28 blood group markers, a prior association study between the trait defining susceptibility to affective disorder and the genetic marker was positive for haptoglobin GC, and properdinfactor B, confirming earlier findings. Using the sib-pair method on the remaining 25 blood groups revealed that none other than peptidase A showed significant linkage with affective disorder since one significant finding is expected by chance. We conclude from the overall morbid risk data and segregation analyses that bipolar manic-depressive illness is a spectrum disease inherited through a multifactorial mode of genetic transmission (which is not synonymous with polygenetic inheritance) with possible genetic heterogeneity and find no evidence for X-linkage. Additional studies with acetylcholinesterase, haptoglobin, GC, and properdin-factor B are needed to confirm their positive biological/genetic marker value suggested by our long-term epidemiological study.
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PMID:Search for biological/genetic markers in a long-term epidemiological and morbid risk study of affective disorders. 651 12

During the last 4 years (1979-1982), 4117 patients have been examined in our out-patient department. Since the most important dates of each patient are electronically registered, it was easy to ascertain the frequency of the depressive conditions with the computer. This amounts to 819 and corresponds to 19.9% of the patients examined during that period. The depressive states were divided in 4 categories: 1. depressive reactions, 2. depressive developments, 3. neurotic depressions, and 4. endogenous depressions. Of all depressive patients, only 27 were treated with drugs. The others were treated with the classical methods of the child- and youthpsychiatry, that is psychotherapy including family-therapy, educational measures and interventions in the social field. Patients with a depressive reaction never received any drugs. The few patients who suffered from an endogenous depression all received thymoleptica in combination with a Lithium salt. However, one dozen patients with a neurotic depression respectively with a depressive personality development received various drugs, whereby the antidepressants were leading, but not prescribed alone. Neuroleptica as well as psychotonica were prescribed, especially for children suffering from an infantile psychoorganic syndrome (MBD, ADD) with a depression. Psychotrope substances have their place in the treatment of depressive conditions in childhood. Their scarce and critical use is in the interest of the children.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of depressive states]. 666 94

Psychopathology may occur with the following premenstrual chronopathologic characteristic : the symptoms begin about four days before menstruation and end within the first four days of menstrual flow. For the diagnosis of "premenstrual tension syndrome" (PMTS) the complaints must be present for four consecutive menstrual cycles. According to DSM-III criteria PMTS is a mental disorder of shared phenomenology. The major etiologic factor is hyperprolactinaemia alone or in combination with reduced plasma levels of oestrogen or progesteron during the final luteal phase. The premenstrual chronopathology of these three forms of hyperprolactinaemia may explain the pathogenesis of PMTS. Lithium appears to have a favourable effect on the chronopathologic disorder. As to the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis, the intracellular affects of prolactin or prostaglandin PGE1 are important. From a pathophysiologic point of view PMTS may be considered a deficiency of PGE1 activity in the hypothalamus and the temporal cortical areas. This is antagonized by lithium. Premenstrual exacerbations of depression or psychosis differ from PMTS as to their clinical symptoms, location, pathogenesis, pathophysiology and treatment. From a pathophysiologic point of view PGE1 may be involved here, too. Implications for further investigation are discussed.
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PMID:The chronopathology of premenstrual psychopathology. 700 Nov 93

Lithium has been extraordinarily successful in the treatment of manic-depression. To compute the economic impact of that success on the United States, an estimate of the cost of care for manic-depression before lithium was introduced was compared with cost estimates after lithium. Economic gains in production were also calculated. Assumptions and exclusions err on the conservative side so that estimates, if inaccurate, are low. The use of lithium as a treatment for manic-depression has saved +2.88 billion in ten years and resulted in a +1.28 billion gain in production, or a conservative total of over +4 billion.
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PMID:Lithium: a brake in the rising cost of mental illness. 736 24


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