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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An "endoneurial" preparation from a rabbit tibial nerve fascicle was used to study the ability of peripheral nerve axons and Schwann cells to derive their composite energy requirements from glucose, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, or albumin-bound palmitate, and the effects of insulin in vitro on their composite glucose utilization. Samples incubated with 5 mM glucose for 2 h maintained a stable O2 uptake and P-creatine and ATP concentrations, and they exhibited a slight increase in P-creatine/creatine ratio (the electron microscopic appearance of the preparation was previously shown to be unaltered under these conditions). The rate of glucose oxidation required to account for the O2 uptake accounted for 61% of the glucose uptake. In samples incubated without substrate for 2 h, a marked fall in tissue glucose was associated with a 50% decrease in O2 uptake and with decreases in P-creatine, ATP, and in the P-creatine/creating ratio. In medium lacking glucose but containing 5 mM DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate, a stable rate of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate uptake was observed, and acetoacetate production accounted for only a small fraction; significant decreases in O2 uptake or ATP were prevented, and, although P-creatinde and the P-creatine/creatine ratio fell, they remained significantly higher than after incubation without substrate. An efficient blood-nerve barrier to albumin is known to exist. Medium containing albumin-bound palmitate with molar ratios or palmitate/albumin of 1 or 2 (highest FFA concentration, 1.32 meq/L) failed to prevent decreases in P-creatine, ATP, and in the P-creatine/creatine ratio during incubations without glucose; the associated O2 uptakes suggested that the tissue is susceptible to respiratory uncoupling and depression son exposure to albumin-blund palmitate as compared with non-neural tissue. Insulin (100 or 1000 microU/ml) had no detectable effects on glucose utilization in the endoneurial preparation during 2-h incubations with 5 mM glucose or (U-14C) glucose. In contrast, in epineurial tissue from rabbit sciatic nerve, insulin (100 micronU/ml) increased (U-14C) glucose incorporation into CO2 and total lipid. The neural components of peripheral nerve are probably dependent on glucose as their major substrate for energy production and respiration under most physiologic conditions in which elevated plasma ketone body concentrations are absent; their composite glucose utilization is not subject to acute, direct regulation by insulin in concentrations that might reasonably be derived from plasma insulin of pancreatic origin.
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PMID:In vitro studies of the substrates for energy production and the effects of insulin on glucose utilization in the neural components of peripheral nerve. 47 82

The biochemical research of depression did not gain in before the exploration of the nodes of effect of the antidepressants. For the present the point of research was the search for disturbances in metabolism of the biogenic amines in brain. The noradrenalin and serotonin-hypothesis was propounded postulating a disturbance in noradrenalin, or serotonin regulation, respectively at the receptor in depression. Until now experimental results did not support this hypothesis, just as the investigations of electrolytic changes in depression did not lead to homogeneous results. On the contrary the neuroendocrinological research showed important results; In endogenous depressive patients an increased cortisol-secretion was ascertained, and in about 65% of the patients a missing or strongly reduced cortisol-suppression after injection of dexamethason was noted, moreover, the growth-hormone-secretion after insulin-hypoglycemia is reduced in a part of depressive women in the menopause. Finally the thyrotropin-secretion stopped in 20--40% of the endogenous depressive patients after injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
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PMID:[Biochemical research in depression (author's transl)]. 48 Aug 57

The effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon and insulin secretion was examined in fed and fasted sheep. This was related to changes in glucose production. Infusion of SRIF at 80 micrograms/h caused a marked reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations. However, the insulin response to SRIF infusion was not consistent; its concentrations decreased occasionally, but often did not change. The depression of glucagon was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose concentrations in either fed or fasted sheep, but was associated with a reduction in glucose production by 12--15%. The inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose production was not markedly increased by glucagon deficiency. Infusion of insulin at 1.17 U/h with SRIF decreased glucose production only an additional 10%. Thus, it appears that under basal conditions pancreatic hormonal influences on hepatic glucose production were relatively small in sheep. This implies that under normal conditions in sheep, substrate supply has a much greater impact on hepatic glucogenesis than do hormones.
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PMID:Effect of somatostatin suppression of glucagon secretion on glucose production in sheep. 49 97

Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been associated with 50 different metabolic changes but few women require increased amounts of nutrients to prevent deficiencies. Plasma triglyceride levels are markedly increased by OCs, but no consistent changes have been found in plasma cholesterol, fatty acids, or phospholipids. Small elevations in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels result from OC use, and plasma albumin is decreased and the alpha and beta globulins and fibrinogen are increased. Women on the pill show slight increases in the urinary excretion of some of the amino acids and decreases in some of the blood amino acids. Tryptophan metabolism is altered by OC use; changes in parameters of Vitamin-B6 metabolism are seen and Vitamin-B6 is used as a cofactor for several enzymes in the tryptophan pathway. At the beginning of OC use the retention of dietary nitrogen increases, and weight gain may result. The estrogens in OCs reduce plasma calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Most studies demonstrate an increase in serum iron and copper and a decrease in plasma zinc. Studies have also found an increase in plasma levels of Vitamin-A and a decrease of carotene, Vitamin-E, ascorbic acid, folacin, Vitamin-B12, and Vitamin-B6. 20% of OC users have enlarged cervical and vaginal cells as a result of abnormal folacin metabolism. The abnormality is corrected by oral folacin supplementation. Some women respond to OC treatment with biochemical signs of Vitamin-B6 deficiency and depression. These women should receive 20-40 mg Vitamin-B6 as a supplement.
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PMID:Nutrition during oral contraceptive treatment. 58 16

The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 7 alcoholic in-patients who had been abstinent for 2-11 days and in 10 normal controls. Blood samples were taken at intervals after the injection of soluble insulin (0-1 U/kg body weight). The growth hormone response was impaired in 4 of the alcoholics and the depression was not related to differences in blood glucose or plasma free fatty acids. The cortisol response was also impaired in the alcoholics. We conclude that alcoholics observed after alcohol withdrawal may have a depression of hypothalamic/pituitary function.
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PMID:The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia in alcoholics. 59 41

Basal plasma insulin levels were measured in Wistar-rats rendered obese by feeding a high-fat diet (50% fat, w/w). During the period of rapid weight-gaining ("dynamic phase" of the development of obesity) fat-fed rats show elevated basal insulin levels in the peripheral blood plasma. No further enhancement occurred in the so-called "static phase" of obesity. Changing the feeding schedule at 20 weeks of age, e.g. feeding control diets (3% fat, w/v) for 4 weeks to fatty rats, results in a depression of insulin levels to control values together with a reduction of the body weight. The findings are discussed in relation to the dietary induced alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of obese rats.
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PMID:Basal hyperinsulinemia in Wistar-rats rendered obese by a high-fat diet. 61 58

A peptide having the reputed essential amino acid sequence to show cataglykin-like effects was prepared from human growth hormone (hGH) by cyanogen bromide cleavage and was tested in two systems in which cataglykin has effects. The peptide prolonged the depression of blood glucose concentration brought about by insulin during intravenous insulin tolerance tests in rats. However, the magnitude of the depression caused by insulin was not increased. There was no stimulation by the peptide of glucose uptake by rat hemidiaphragrams in the presence of insulin in vitro. Thus, this peptide does not duplicate the effects of cataglykin.
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PMID:Tests for cataglykin activity on a cyanogen bromide fragment of human growth hormone. 61 23

The inhibitory effects of gamma-oryzanol and atropine on the gastric secretion were studied using insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose as vagal stimulants. Pretreatment with gamma-oryzanol (100 mg/kg, s.c., once daily x 5) depressed the gastric secretion stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose, but the potency was less than that with atropine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). gamma-Oryzanol had no effect on decrease in the serum glucose level or on increase in the gastrin level induced by insulin injection, while atropine enhanced these responses. From these results, it is considered that the inhibitory action of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretion may be due to depression of the vagus system but the mode of action is different from that of atropine.
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PMID:[Effects of gamma-oryzanol and atropine on gastric secretion stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (author's transl)]. 70 May 14

Clonidine is a hypotensive drug acting as an alpha-mimetic agent in the central nervous system and causing cardiovascular depression. Clonidine administration in animals and man causes slight hyperglycemia and lipid mobilization, as well as an increase in growth hormone levels. We have studied the effect of a 3-day oral treatment (78 microgram three times daily) upon glucose (5 g i.v.)- and tolbutamide (1 g i.v.)-induced insulin release in subjects without metabolic alterations. Acute insulin response (3 min after IVGTT) and insulin release (area between 0 and 10 min) were significantly reduced after clonidine treatment. Blood glucose levels were not affected by clonidine treatment; the insulinogenic index 3 min after the glucose load was significantly reduced by clonidine administration. There was neither an evident effect on tolbutamide-induced insulin release nor a modification of the hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide. Clonidine did not affect basal lipolysis, evaluated in vitro as glycerol release from human subcutaneous adipose tissue fragments, while norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was slightly reduced. The results presented are compatible with an alpha-mimetic effect of clonidine on pancreatic and adipose tissue.
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PMID:Clonidine effect on insulin secretion and lipolysis in man. 70 1

In mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, humoral and cellular immunological reactivity were weak. The number of leucocytes, and especially lymphocytes, was reduced, and the weight and cellularity of lymphatic organs were lower than in normal mice. Treatment of diabetic mice with insulin reversed morphological and functional deficiency of the immunological system. Observed depression of immunological functions was attributed to impaired transport of glucose into immunocompetent cells, rather than to toxic effects of alloxan.
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PMID:Recovery of immune system in diabetic mice after treatment with insulin. 71 Nov 30


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