Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The work attempted to explain the influence of epidural analgesia and operations on the behaviour of complement and lymphocyte systems. There are very few theses in the world anaesthetic literature which attempt to explain the influence of analgesia and operations on the immune system. Moreover, the problem is treated very superficially in these theses and research was conducted on a small number of patients. In the face of this fact it was decided to assess the behaviour of selected factors of the immune system during analgesia and operations. The research encompassed approximately 80 patients who underwent analgesia and operations. The operated patients were divided into two groups: a 40-person research group A and a 40-person control group K. In group A resection of the prostate gland was performed in epidural analgesia, whereas group K underwent analgesia of the brachial plexus to be operated within the hand and the upper limb. Because of the small extent of sympathetic interruption and of the operation the K group was the control group in relation to the A group where the sympathetic interruption and the operation were extensive. During the analgesia, operation and the 7-day post-operation period the concentration of immunoglobulins was examined (IgG, IgA, IgM), components of the complement (C3, C4), the total haemolithic activity of the complement (Kc) as well lymphocyte populations and sub-populations (B, T, CD4, CD8). Modern research techniques were used to carry out these examinations: monoclone antibody for examining lymphocytes, nephelometric technique for examining concentration of immunoglobulins and components of the complement and the hemolithic method for examination of the total activity of the complement. It was found that epidural analgesia acts deeply depressively on the concentration of endogenous immunoglobulins and of the components of the complement during the day of the operation. This type of analgesia also a similar effect on the level of total haemolithic activity of the complement. Operation trauma on the other hand causes depression of the auxiliary T lymphocyte population (CD4) and the stimulation of the cytotoxic T cell subpopulation (CD8) with a pathological reduction of the quotient factor of these lymphocyte sub-populations CD4/CD8. No statistically significant immunologic disorders were found in the area of the factors examined in patients who underwent operations in the area of the hand and the upper limb with application of plexus analgesia. The presented research results--although they do not have a correspondent in the world anaesthetic literature--seem to prove that epidural analgesia, hitherto regarded as a safe manner of anaesthetizing patients for operations is not devoid of negative influences on the immune system. With regard to immunity on the other hand, plexus analgesia seems to be a safe method anaesthetizing patients for operations in the area of the upper limb. It seems that the extent of sympathetic interruption caused by epidural analgesia affects selected immune factors depressively. This is a clinical question which still requires much research, especially in the area of effect on the immune system because post operative infection complications still constitute an important etiopathogenetic and medical problem.
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PMID:[Evaluation of regional analgesia and surgical trauma on selected factors of the human immune system]. 858 30

1. Chick embryos were orally immunised at day 16 of incubation by injection of heat-killed Campylobacter jejuni organisms into the amniotic fluid. The response to vaccination was observed at 5 d after hatching or, in some birds which received a postnatal oral booster vaccination, at 7 d after hatching, and the response was observed at 14 d of age. 2. The titres of antibody in serum, bile and intestinal scrapings, the distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the spleen, duodenum and ileum and the expression on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of the T cell surface markers CD3, CD4 and CD8 were determined. 3. Whereas low titres of anti-flagellin antibody were detected in serum, bile and intestinal scrapings of unimmunised birds, high titres were observed in immunised birds. 4. An increase in antibody of all isotypes was detectable in serum but the elevation in IgA antibody in intestinal scrapings and bile was particularly striking. This response was reflected in a dramatic increase in immunoglobulin-containing cells, detected by fluorescent histology, particularly those associated with IgA and IgM isotypes in the spleen and intestine of immunised birds. 5. Secondary oral boosting after hatching resulted in a depression in serum anti-flagellin antibody in immunised birds compared to pre-boosting titres (although still significantly higher than in non-immunised controls) but an increase in IgA antibody in intestinal scrapings and bile. The number of immunoglobulin-containing cells was also increased after boosting. 6. Neither immunisation regimen caused a significant change in the numbers of circulating CD3, CD4 or CD8 T cells. 7. These results indicate that in ovo oral immunisation with C. jejuni antigens stimulates the precocious development of immunity in chicks.
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PMID:In ovo oral vaccination with Campylobacter jejuni establishes early development of intestinal immunity in chickens. 859 89

Major depression and dysthymia (chronic, low grade depression) were associated with an increase in the number of CD16/56 (natural killer; NK) cells in blood, whereas other lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and the CD4/CD8 ratio) did not differ from control subjects. After treatment with a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor, the symptoms of depression were alleviated in both the major depressive and dysthymic patients. Likewise, NK cell numbers declined to control values in these treated groups. Among the major depressive patients, the NK cell number reached control values within 4 weeks, whereas 6 months of treatment was required for such an effect to be achieved in the dysthymic patients. Although plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and ACTH were not different between groups, among the major depressive patients ACTH was inversely correlated with total lymphocytes, CD3, and CD19, and epinephrine was directly related to the CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio. Among dysthymics, ACTH was unrelated to any of the lymphocyte subsets, but norepinephrine was directly related to total lymphocytes, CD3, CD4, and NK cells. The data are interpreted in terms of stress perception among major depressive and dysthymic patients and the potential impact of stressor experiences on immune processes.
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PMID:Lymphocyte subsets associated with major depression and dysthymia: modification by antidepressant treatment. 860 Apr 82

A low ratio of cellular numbers within CD4+ (helper/inducer) relative to CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) thymic lymphocyte subsets (low CD4/CD8 ratio) is widely accepted as fundamental to the depression in thymus-dependent immunocompetence associated with wasting protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The objective of this investigation, therefore was to determine the CD4/CD8 ratio in peripheral lymphoid compartments of diverse murine models of protein-energy malnutrition which produce systemic wasting (loss of approximately 1.8% of initial body weight per day), lymphoid involution and (as shown in many previous studies) depression in thymus-dependent immunocompetence. In the first of two experiments, male and female weanling mice of disparate inbred strains, CBA/J and C57BL/6J, were allocated to a zero-time control group (23- and 19-d-old, respectively), or to groups fed for 14 d as follows: ad libitum intake of a complete purified diet (19% crude protein, 17 kJ/g gross energy), restricted intake of the complete diet, or ad libitum intake of an isocaloric low protein diet (0.6% crude protein). In a supplementary experiment, (0.6% crude protein). In a supplementary experiment, male and female C57BL/6J weanling mice were fed the complete diet or the low protein diet for either 6 or 21 d. CD4+ and CD8+ thymic lymphocytes were enumerated by flow cytometry in mononuclear cell suspensions from blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. A low CD4/CD8 ratio is common in the blood in wasting protein-energy malnutrition, but appears uncharacteristic of the profoundly involuted lymphoid organs which generate acquired immune responses. The CD4/CD8 ratio is irrelevant to the thymus-dependent immunoincompetence previously demonstrated in the rodent models used in this investigation.
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PMID:The CD4/CD8 ratio in the blood does not reflect the response of this index in secondary lymphoid organs of weanling mice in models of protein-energy malnutrition known to depress thymus-dependent immunity. 861 87

We conducted a prospective observational study to determine the clinical features, the degree of immunosuppression, and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection associated with herpes zoster in Kenya. The study included 196 HIV-1 positive individuals and 34 HIV-1 negative individuals between the ages of 16 and 50 years who presented to a referral clinic in Nairobi. Comparison of the clinical characteristics in the two groups found that the duration of illness in the HIV-1-positive group was longer (32 vs. 22 days; P < .001) and that the HIV-1-positive group was more likely to have generalized lymphadenopathy (74% vs. 3%; OR: 12.2; 95% CI: 1.6, 91.7), severe pain (69% vs. 39%; OR: 3.6; 95% CI; 1.7, 7.6), bacterial superinfection (15% vs. 6%; OR: 5.7; 95% CI: 1.3, 25.0), and more than one affected dermatome (38% vs. 18%; OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 8.0). Dermatomal distribution of the lesions was similar in the two groups, except for cranial lesions, which occurred exclusively in the HIV-1-positive group. The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count at presentation was 333/mm(3) in the HIV-1-positive group and 777/mm(3) in the HIV-1-negative group (P < .001). Herpes zoster is often recognized as the initial HIV-1-related illness in Kenya despite the fact that patients have moderate to severe depression of CD4 cell counts at presentation. Although the clinical features of herpes zoster may be more severe in HIV-1-positive individuals, recovery is generally complete and uncomplicated.
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PMID:Herpes zoster as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in Kenya. 864 97

This study investigates the relationship between early AIDS-related bereavement and subsequent changes in CD4 T-cell levels and health over a three- to four-year follow-up period in 85 HIV positive gay men. In addition, two psychological responses to loss, grief, and depression were distinguished and used as predictors of changes in health following loss. Interview data collected each year was used to assess psychological, behavioral and health factors. Blood samples drawn yearly were used to assess CD4 T-cell levels. Results indicate that those who had experienced an AIDS-related bereavement event prior to entry into the study showed a more rapid loss of CD4 T-cells over time, controlling for age, initial health status, use of antiretrovirals, sedatives, recreational drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol as well as other potential confounding factors. CD4 loss-rate differences were observable by two years post-bereavement. In addition, grief reactions were distinguishable from depressive reactions. Grief reactions were unrelated to CD4 decline and symptom onset while aspects of depression, specifically self-reproach, were predictive of CD4 loss. These data suggest that bereavement may impact biological systems relevant to HIV progression and that distinguishing specific responses to loss may improve our understanding of these relationships.
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PMID:Effects of AIDS-related bereavement on HIV progression among New York City gay men. 866 97

Multiple organ failure due to infection is now one of the most serious postoperative complications following aortic arch replacement. We therefore evaluated the postoperative changes of cellular immunity using four parameters, 1) peripheral lymphocyte subsets 2) mitogen responsiveness 3) the activity of natural killer (NK) cells 4) interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (n = 5) with aortic arch replacement and group B (n = 10) with coronary artery bypass grafting. All variables were measured the day before, the day after, 3 days after, 7 days after, and 14 days after surgery. CD3 positive cells in group A were significantly lower than in group B throughout the postoperative course. CD4 positive cells in group A were significantly lower than in group B on the day after 3 days after the operation. IL-2 production in group A was markedly depressed the day after (all patients 0.8 U) and 3 days after (1.5 +/- 1.6 U) as compared to the preoperative level (7.7 +/- 4.4 U) and the levels on the same days in group B. The activity of NK cells in group A was significantly impaired the day after (10.6 +/- 6.7%) and 3 days after (10.0 +/- 6.7%) as compared to the preoperative level (28.6 +/- 16.7%) and the levels on the same days in group B. IL-2 production in group A was significantly correlated to CD3 and CD4 positive lymphocyte levels. These results clearly showed that patients who underwent aortic arch surgery suffered functional depression of cellular immunity, in particular IL-2 production and the activity of NK cells. These depressions may be a result of massive blood transfusion, tissue trauma under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
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PMID:[Depression of cellular immunity after aortic arch replacement]. 868 69

The syndrome defined as "idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia' (ICL) is a rare disease of unknown aetiology, often associated with severe depression of immune defences and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. A case is reported wherein a severe immunodeficiency syndrome with persistent idiopathic CD4+ lymphopenia developed in a woman suffering from systemic microscopic polyarteritis; no signs of HIV 1/2 or HTLV I/II infection were evident. The patient died of widespread opportunistic infections. The association of ICL with vasculitis has never been reported until now. A link between the two diseases cannot be ruled out.
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PMID:Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia and systemic vasculitis. 870 90

The serum concentrations of the steroid, androgens and estrogens, in the HIV-positive male patients were studied. These men belonged to one of the three main behaviour groups: heterosexual (He), drug addicts (DA) and homosexual (Ho) at early stages (II and III) or at advanced stage of AIDS (IVC), classified according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The circulating concentrations of sex steroids were then analysed with reference to the risk factors, absolute CD4 cell count and the progression of HIV infection. Regardless of risk factors, the stage II and III HIV-infected patients had serum dehydro-epiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAs) (+37%, p < 0.03), testosterone (T) (+24%, p < 0.006) and estrone (E1) (+170%, p < 0.0001) levels higher than those of controls. The patients IVC stage had low serum DHEAs (-48%, p < 0.0001) and elevated estradiol (E2) (+200%, p < 0.0001). According to risk factors, there were no significant differences in androgen and estrogen concentrations between the behaviour groups. There were significant positive correlations between the CD4 cell count and the serum concentrations of DHEAs (p < 0.0001), DHEA (p < 0.01) and E1 (p < 0.006). This suggests that there is a relationship between the circulating sex hormone levels, particularly DHEAs, and the progression of immune depression in HIV, whatever the risk factor. The observed association between DHEAs and the progression of HIV infection suggests that this androgen may play a role in the normal function of the immune system.
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PMID:Relationship between sex steroid hormone levels and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV infected men. 874 Sep 36

Research linking psychological inhibition to physical illness led us to examine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection might progress more rapidly among gay men who conceal their homosexual identity than among those who do not. We also sought to determine whether any accelerated course of HIV infection among "closeted" gay men might be attributable to differences in health-relevant behavior (e.g., health practices, sexual behavior) or psychosocial characteristics (e.g., depression, anxiety, social support, repressive coping style). Data came from a longitudinal psychosocial study associated with the Los Angeles site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Eighty gay men, HIV-seropositive but otherwise healthy at study entry (CD4 T lymphocytes = 30-60% of total lymphocytes), were examined at 6-month intervals for 9 years. Indicators of HIV progression included time to a critically low CD4 T lymphocyte level (15% of total peripheral blood lymphocytes), time to AIDS diagnosis, and time to AIDS mortality. On all measures, HIV infection advanced more rapidly in a dose-response relationship to the degree participants concealed their homosexual identity. Sample characteristics and statistical controls ruled out explanations based on demographic characteristics, health practices, sexual behavior, and antiretroviral therapy. Mediational analyses indicated that observed effects were not attributable to differences in depression, anxiety, social support, or repressive coping style. HIV infection appears to progress more rapidly in gay men who conceal their homosexual identity. These results are consistent with hypotheses about the health effects of psychological inhibition, but further research is required to definitively identify the psychosocial, behavioral, and physiological mechanisms underlying these findings.
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PMID:Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection in gay men who conceal their homosexual identity. 877 22


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