Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of a crude methanol extract, butanol- and chloroform-fractions, and a pure compound, corymine, extracted from the leaves of H. zeylanica on locomotor activity and rearing, pentobarbital-induced sleep, and drug-induced convulsions were studied in mice. The methanol extract dose-dependently decreased rearing without a significant effect on locomotor activity at doses of 15, 60 and 120 mg/kg. It did not significantly prolong the sleeping time but potentiated the convulsions induced by strychnine, but not that by either picrotoxin or pentylenetetrazole, at a dose of 120 mg/kg. The butanol-fraction significantly prolonged sleeping time at a dose of 125 mg/kg but did not affect either of the convulsive drugs. The chloroform fraction prolonged sleeping time at doses of 62.5 and 125 mg/kg and potentiated the convulsions induced by either strychnine or picrotoxin, but not that by pentylenetetrazole, at doses of 15, 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg. Corymine did not significantly prolong sleeping time, but potentiated the convulsions induced by either strychnine or picrotoxin, not by pentylenetetrazole, at doses of 2, 8 and 15 mg/kg. These results suggest that crude alkaloidal extracts of H. zeylanica leaves produce biphasic effects on the central nervous system (CNS), depression and stimulation, while the pure compound, corymine, has a unique central stimulatory effect in mice.
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PMID:Behavioral studies on alkaloids extracted from the leaves of Hunteria zeylanica. 892 8

Cardiac function improvement seen with hemofiltration may be attributable to "cardiac depressant factor(s)" removal. The authors have attempted "factor" isolation. Initial 12 hr hemofiltrate was obtained from: 4 patients with acute congestive heart failure (cardiac index: 2.02 +/- 0.48) and acute renal failure (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] 97.7 +/- 32.7; serum creatinine [SCr] 6.2 +/- 3.4 mg%) (Group I); 8 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CI: 2.69 +/- 1.3) and mild renal failure (BUN 48.8 +/- 31.4; SCr 3.5 +/- 2.4 mg%) (Group II); and 8 patients with end-stage renal disease and no congestive heart failure (Group III). Crude samples were passed through C18Sep-Pak, and eluted with methanol/water mixtures, and 50% methanol samples were fractionated by high pressure liquid chromatography. Inotropic response was studied by injecting samples (in Krebs-Hensleit buffer) into a Langendorff rat heart preparation. The effect of pH, acetate, salts, and adding propranolol on the inotropic response also was tested. Myocardial depression followed all vehicle and preparatory elements: 0.1 M HCl (-47%); 0.08 M acetic acid (-75%); Na acetate (-25%); 0.1 M NaHCO3 (-11%); Na citrate (-84%); and Na glutarate (-14%). Group I had biphasic responses, the positive inotropism accorded to catecholamines, whereas negative inotropism was equal in each patient (-40.3%). Group II had a biphasic response with negative (-15%) inotropism noted. Group III was weakly biphasic. The data indicate there was myocardial depressive activity, most pronounced in Groups I and II, after method interference was corrected.
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PMID:Isolation of "myocardial depressant factor(s)" from the ultrafiltrate of heart failure patients with acute renal failure. 894 20

Properties of water adsorbed in porous Vycor glass and Vycor glass treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) have been studied by measuring NMR as a function of water content and temperature and observing penetration of water into the pores. Some of the observed properties are compared with those of methanol and ethanol. The NMR linewidth of water in original glass pores is proportional to the fraction of water in a surface monolayer on the glass. The melting point depression of the pore water is inversely proportional to the pore radius, and ice water interfacial tension is evaluated as 27.5 mN/m. When treated glass was immersed in water, liquid water could not penetrate the glass sample, which had more than 0.4/nm2 trimethylsilyl group substituted for surface hydroxyls; however, the alcohols could still easily penetrate the fully treated glass, which had 1.3/nm2 trimethylsilyl groups. Water adsorbed in weakly treated glass shows broadening of the NMR line; contrastingly, the alcoholic hydroxyls show narrowing of the lines. The freezing and melting point of pore water rise with surface treatments. These phenomena can be explained in terms of structure forming of adsorbed liquid on the surfaces and the interaction between the molecules in the structured layer and the subsequent layer.
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PMID:Studies of Water Adsorbed in Porous Vycor Glass 897 37

Since 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) is a neutral metabolite from norepinephrine, it will be a diagnostic marker for mental diseases such as depression. For the development of an immunoassay, the natural enantiomer of MHPG would be required to prepare its antigen and to examine the specificity of the antibody. A natural enantiomer synthesized, however, has not been obtained so far. In this paper, we attempted to enantioseparate synthetic DL-MHPG and to assign D-enantiomer from the optical rotation of MHPG purified from human urine, because endogenous norepinephrine occurs as D-enantiomer which should metabolically generate D-MHPG. Enantioseparation conditions were tested using a Ceramospher Chiral RU-1 column (4.6 x 250 mm) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The resolution was adequate for the analysis and purification of synthetic DL- and the urinary MHPGs using methanol as a mobile phase and the column temperature at 0 degrees C, where DL-MHPG was detected as two peaks. The earlier peak (peak 1) showed (-) optical rotation, while the latter gave (+) optical rotation. After being treated with beta-glucuronidase, the normal human urine was extracted with ethyl acetate and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was suspended in water and the supernatant was analyzed and purified by a reversed phase column with a multi channel detector. A peak corresponding to MHPG was collected and concentrated to dryness. The pooled residues were dissolved in methanol and enantioseparated on the chiral HPLC. The urinary MHPG appeared as a single peak which was corresponded to the earlier peak of DL-MHPG and showing (-) optical rotation. Thus, the urinary MHPG was found to be D-(-)-MHPG. Then the absolute configuration of enantioseparated MHPGs were assigned to each optical rotation, judging from the chemical data and the metabolic pathway of the urinary D-MHPG. These enantiomers will be useful for studying on biochemistry and immunoassay.
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PMID:Chiral analysis of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in human urine. 922 49

Dosing different preparations and extracts of Astragalus lusitanicus to lambs showed the fresh plant or its dry powder were highly toxic while the ethyl acetate or methanol extract did not cause toxicosis, suggesting the toxic principle is an extremely water soluble compound. The animals alternated excitement and depression, with cardiac and respiratory disorders terminally. Alpha-mannosidase inhibition was not detected in blood of dosed lambs, but an inhibitory activity was in tissues from lambs given the fresh plant or its powder. There was increased aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activity, suggesting skeletal muscle and neurological effects. Thin-layer chromatography and the alpha-mannosidase inhibition assay did not detect swainsonine in ethyl acetate, methanol or water: methanol plant extracts.
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PMID:Clinical and analytical studies of sheep dosed with various preparations of Astragalus lusitanicus. 983 Jun 91

In 1998 a special standardized high-dose hypericum extract has been approved in Austria and Germany for treatment of mild and moderate depression. The efficacy has been already recognized since 1984 from the German Health Authorities based on traditional knowledge. However, this has been substantiated in the subsequent years in controlled clinical trials. 20 of these studies including a total of 1,787 patients have been filed, among them 10 older studies in which hypericum was extracted with ethanol compared to newer studies in which the extract was methanol (LI 160). In the past 10 years several controlled clinical trials have been conducted compared with placebo as well as synthetic antidepressants. These studies have shown that the effective dosage is within a range of 600 to 900 mg extract. The side effects are substantially fewer than with synthetic antidepressants and range within 3%. The most important risk is photosensitization, which is however without clinical relevance in the recommended dosages. Recent pharmacological studies revealed that hypericum extracts have a similar mechanism of action like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), however, very likely to a smaller extent.
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PMID:[High dose St. John's wort extract as a phytogenic antidepressant]. 1048 79

The processing technology and characteristics of orubisi/amarwa, an opaque beer commonly consumed in Kagera region in the north-western part of Tanzania is described in detail. The protein content of orubisi increased from 2.0 to 2.7% after 120 hours of fermentation. The maximum alcohol content of orubisi as determined by specific gravity method was 2.5%. The alcohol profile of orubisi analysed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was found to contain ethanol and iso-butanol. The test for methanol was negative. Orubisi was characterised as product with relatively high acidity ranging from 0.35-0.89 g/100 ml and a final pH of 3.7. The levels of fermentable sugars--sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose--were 0.5, 0.7, 1.8 and 0.6 g/100 ml after 120 hours of fermentation, respectively. High microbial counts were encountered in orubisi. The viable counts included yeasts: 2.0 x 10(7) cfu/ml, moulds 7.4 x 10(6) cfu/ml, coliforms 1.18 x 10(2) cfu/ml, lactic acid bacteria 6.5 x 10(7) cfu/ml and total aerobic count 2.95 x 10(7) cfu/ml. Based on these results, orubisi poses a serious danger to public health due to the presence of high numbers of total count and coliforms. In order to improve the safety of orubisi the pasteurisation step is recommended in the process of preparing orubisi. Hygienic handling of the final product is necessary in order to avoid contamination before consumption. The presence of trace amount of iso-butanol can lead to irritation of mucous membranes and depression of central nervous system.
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PMID:Aspects of manufacture, composition and safety of orubisi: a traditional alcoholic beverage in the north-western region of Tanzania. 1110 5

In 1998 a standardized hypericum extract has been approved in Austria and Germany for treatment of mild and moderate depression. The efficacy has been already recognized since 1984 from the German Health Authorities based on traditional knowledge. However, this has been substantiated in the subsequent years in controlled clinical trials. Twenty of these studies including a total of 1787 patients have been filed, among them ten older studies in which hypericum was extracted with ethanol compared to newer studies in which the extract was methanol (LI 160). In the past ten years several controlled clinical trials have been conducted compared with placebo as well as synthetic antidepressants. These studies have shown that the effective dosage is within a range of 600-900 mg extract. The side effects are substantially fewer than with synthetic antidepressants and range within 3%. The most important risk is photosensitization, which is however without clinical relevance in the recommended dosages. Recent pharmacological studies revealed that hypericum extracts have a similar mechanism of action like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), however, very likely to a smaller extent.
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PMID:[St. Johns wort extract as plant antidepressant]. 1119 98

The aim of the present study was to investigate several neuropharmacological effects of the methanol extract of the aerial parts in blossom of Hypericum canariense, H. glandulosum, H. grandifolium and H. reflexum (Hypericaceae). These extracts did not alter significantly the locomotor activity, body temperature or the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, with the exception of H. reflexum which significantly potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleeping time at both doses assayed (500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.). Additionally, neither muscle relaxant nor anticholinergic activity was observed. These extracts antagonized the ptosis and/or motor depression induced by tetrabenazine and also shortened the immobility time in the forced swimming test. Moreover, the H. glandulosum and H. grandifolium extracts at 1000 mg/kg p.o. potentiated the head twitches induced by 5-HTP. These observations suggest that the methanol extract of the Hypericum species in doses of 500-1000 mg/kg p.o. possess antidepressant activity in mice, without inducing significant muscle relaxation, anticholinergic and sedative properties.
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PMID:Antidepressant effects of the methanol extract of several Hypericum species from the Canary Islands. 1174 5

Fluoxetine (Prozac) is currently one of the widely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of depression. A high-throughput sample preparation procedure using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) in a 96-well plate format in conjunction with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed and validated for quantification of fluoxetine enantiomers in human plasma. After addition of internal standard and ammonium hydroxide, samples were extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in methanol. Where possible, sample transfer and LLE steps were automated using a Tomtec Quadra 96 workstation. Adequate separation of fluoxetine enantiomeric pairs (resolution of 1.17) was achieved on a vancomycin column eluted with methanol containing 0.075% (by weight) ammonium trifluoroacetate. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode at m/z 310-->44 for fluoxetine enantiomeric pairs and m/z 287-->241 for oxazepam (internal standard), was used. Analysis was performed in the positive ion mode using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The standard curve range was 2.0-1000 ng/mL for each fluoxetine enantiomer. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of the quality control (QC) samples were <12.5% (CV) and <13.6% (CV), respectively, for each fluoxetine enantiomer; the correlation coefficient was >0.990. Method ruggedness was demonstrated by the reproducible performance of the assay during a three-day validation period.
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PMID:Enantiomeric separation and quantification of fluoxetine (Prozac) in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using liquid-liquid extraction in 96-well plate format. 1185 15


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