Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The major allergen of ragweed pollen, antigen E, was modified by coupling its amino acid groups with either methanol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) of 5,000 daltons, or a synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DGL) of 34,000 daltons, all appropriately activated. The conjugates were characterized chemically and immunologically. Compared to the native antigen, the methoxy conjugate showed little reduction in allergenic activity, but the other two conjugates showed strong reductions, as measured by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats sensitized with murine anti-antigen E reaginic sera. The MPEG conjugate was apparently nonimmunogenic in mice known to be high responders to the native antigen. MPEG and DGL conjugates retained the immunosuppressive property of the native antigen as subcutaneous treatment of antigen E sensitized mice with these two conjugates led to significant long-lasting depression of their antigen E-specific IgE and IgG antibody levels. These immunological changes are believed to result from reduction of antigenic valency and specificity upon coupling the bulky molecules to the protein antigens.
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PMID:Immunological properties of conjugates of ragweed pollen antigen E with methoxypolyethylene glycol or a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine. 8 43

Linseed meal has previously been reported to contain an organic factor that reduces toxicity of selenium in animals. The purpose of the studies reported here was to obtain information on the mechanism of action of the linseed meal factor in counteracting selenosis in chicks. Feeding a diet containing 20% linseed meal to chicks partially counteracted the growth depression caused by including high levels of selenium (10-40 ppm) in the diet. In contrast to the rat, chicks fed diets containing selenium did not accumulate significantly more of the element per unit of liver dry matter when the diet contained linseed meal, and at two selenium levels accumulated significantly less. Linseed meal did not interfere with the absorption of an oral dose of 75Se as measured by tissue retention 24 hours later. A methanol extract of linseed meal did not interfere with the normal increase in plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks fed diets supplemented with low levels of selenium even though the extract counteracted the growth depression obtained by adding 20 ppm selenium. Linseed meal contains a factor that interacts with selenium in the tissues in some unknown way to reduce the toxic effects of the element, but does not prevent normal synthesis of glutathione peroxidase.
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PMID:Selenosis, hepatic selenium accumulation, and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in chicks as affected by a factor in linseed meal. 57 18

Coptis root is frequently utilized as a sedative in Chinese medicines, however, the central depressant action of this compound has not been reported. Such being the case, the central depressant actions of methanol extract of coptis root, its active ingredients such as non-alkaloids fraction, tertiary base fraction, quarternary base fraction, magnoflorine fraction, berberine hydrochloride, coptisine hydrochloride and the extract from SAN O SHA SHIN TO being one of the preparations which contain coptis root were investigated in mice. The antigastric ulcer action of these substances was also examined in rats. All substances were given orally. Sontaneous movement and coordinative motor activity were not depressed by methanol extract, non-alkaloid fraction quarternary base fraction, magnoflorine fraction, berberine hydrochloride, coptisine hhdrochloride and the extract from SAN O SHA SHIN TO. There was no inhibition of chemical- and electro-shock-induced convulsion, morphine induced Straub's tail reaction, apomorphine-induced masticating motion and aggressive behavior induced by electrical stimulation. A loss of righting reflex due to hypnotics was not potentiated by the substances. The quarternary base fraction did not elicit central depression, while the tertiary base fraction slightly depressed the function of the central nervous system. Quarternary base alkaloids such as berberine exerted a slight antiulcer effect.
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PMID:[Behavioral pharmacology of berberine-type alkaloids. (1) Central depressive action of Coptidis rhizoma and its constituents]. 103 91

1. Chloroplasts can be suspended in aqueous/organic mixtures which are liquid at sub-zero temperatures with a good retention of the ability to reduce artificial electron acceptors. The reduction of ferricyanide and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol at temperatures above 0 degrees C is about 50% inhibited by 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Higher concentrations cause more extensive inhibition. 2. Different solvents were compared on the basis of their ability to cause a given depression of the freezing point of an aqueous solution. Ethylene glycol caused less inhibition of electron transport than glycerol, which in turn was found to be superior to methanol. 3. The reduction of oxidised 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine could be measured at -25 degrees C in 40% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Using an acceptor with a high extinction coefficient, methyl purple (a derivative of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) it was possible to observe electron flow at temperatures as low as -40 degrees C in 50% (v/v) ethylene glycol. 4. From studies of the effects of the inhibitors 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone it is suggested that electron flow from the donor side of Photosystem II to the acceptor side of Photosystem I can occur at temperatures at least as low as -25 degrees C. The ultimate electron donor is presumably water but it was not possible to demonstrate this directly.
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PMID:The reduction of artificial electron acceptors at sub-zero temperatures by chloroplasts suspended in fluid media. 113 92

This study deals with the effects of chemical pollutants on the transmembrane potential difference for sodium (delta mu Na) in smooth muscle cells of Mytilus edulis. A method for indirect determination of extracellular space, intracellular ion concentrations and delta mu Na has been developed and is applied in the investigations. The determination is based on concentration data from haemolymph and muscle tissue samples. The precision of the method used was tested by direct measurements of the apparent intracellular concentration of sodium and the membrane potential. On the basis of these tests, the method was evaluated as reasonably good. The method was used to study the sensitivity of the transmembrane delta mu Na in Mytilus edulis to 96 h exposures to various sublethal concentrations of formaldehyde, methanol and mercury. Both formaldehyde and mercury induced a depression of delta mu Na. The observed depressions could be ascribed to a change in both the electrogenic and the chemical components of delta mu Na. A depression of delta mu Na was associated with subsequent clinical injury and death. Methanol did not cause death or any changes in delta mu Na. Because of the observed correlation between depression of delta mu Na and clinical injury, delta mu Na is suggested to have a potential as an indicator of toxicity.
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PMID:Pollutant-induced depression of the transmembrane sodium gradient in muscles of mussels. 132 57

A new compound, 1-[2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)ethyl]-alpha,alpha-bis-(p-fluorphenyl)-4 -piperidine methanol (LAS 30538), was found to have potent vasodilator effects. Its vasorelaxant activity was demonstrated in rat perfused hindlimbs contracted with 80 mM K+, having an IC50 value of 40 nM. In conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats, LAS 30538 administered orally, caused dose-dependent sustained falls in systolic blood pressure with an ED30 value of 11 mg kg-1. In pithed rats, LAS 30538, strongly inhibited vasoconstriction induced by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 933 and the calcium agonist compound Bay K8644 with ED50 values of 4 mg kg-1 p.o. and 1.3 mg kg-1 i.v., respectively. Results from electrophysiological studies carried out using guinea-pig papillary muscles partially depolarized by 22 mM K+ are consistent with LAS 30538 acting as a Ca(2+)-channel blocker. When compared with verapamil, in guinea-pig and rabbit isolated heart preparations, LAS 30538 caused less cardiodepression and bradycardia. The results suggest that LAS 30538 may have some advantages over other Ca(2+)-channel blockers such as verapamil in causing less myocardial depression for a given level of vasodilatation.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effects of LAS 30538, a new vascular selective Ca(2+)-channel blocker. 136 May 9

Glycerolformal (CAS 5464-28-8; a mixture of 1,3-dioxan-5-ol and 1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol) used as an organic solvent or vehicle for drugs has been shown to possess its own toxicopharmacological activities. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effects of glycerolformal on sympathetic neurotransmission in the isolated rabbit heart. At concentrations between 0.05 and 1 mmol/l glycerolformal inhibits both the neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline and its metabolism degradation which could explain the initial positive inotropic action of glycerolformal on the heart by increasing noradrenaline concentration in the synaptic cleft. However, the preponderant effect of glycerolformal was an inhibition of noradrenaline release, resulting in a myocardial depression which may explain the hypotension observed in the anesthetized rat. Hence, it is important to take into account the interference effects of glycerolformal with other molecules, when used as solvent or vehicle for drugs.
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PMID:Effects of glycerolformal on sympathetic neurotransmission in the isolated rabbit heart. 165 Feb 29

Widespread utilization of short-chain alcohols in solvents and alcoholic beverages provides small animals with numerous opportunities for exposure. Toxicosis most commonly occurs following ingestion but may also arise from inhalation and/or dermal absorption. The actions of short-chain alcohols are believed to result from nonspecific interactions with biomembranes altering the function of membrane-bound proteins, including the GABAA receptor. Mortality in alcohol toxicosis typically occurs because of respiratory and cardiac arrest as a result of profound CNS depression; therefore, general measures for resuscitation prevail in the initial treatment of severe alcohol toxicosis. Metabolism of alcohols alters the redox state in the liver, leading to hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis in some cases. In primates, treatment for methanol toxicosis is aimed at reducing accumulation of formate, thereby diminishing the metabolic acidosis and ocular damage characteristic in these species.
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PMID:Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Short-chain alcohols. 218 Jan 93

Although formalin ingestions have previously been reported in the literature, technology has only recently been developed to measure both formaldehyde and formate levels in plasma. Methanol, formaldehyde, and formate levels were followed in the case reported here until the patient's death approximately 13 h after the ingestion. The clinical course was marked by an initial profound CNS depression followed by an apparent clinically quiescent period. Severe abdominal pain and retching preceded the development of seizures, DIC, severe hypotension, and cardiac arrest. Methanol levels rose throughout this 13-h course. Formate and formaldehyde levels increased until bicarbonate and ethanol therapy were instituted. The "fixing" of the stomach by formaldehyde may have produced delayed absorption following formalin ingestion. Therapeutic implications are discussed.
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PMID:Formate levels following a formalin ingestion. 232 60

It is well known that patients who undergo surgical operations have a high risk of infection and sepsis. One explanation for this high risk may be a depression of neutrophil functions at the postoperative period. In the present study, the effects of surgical stresses on neutrophil functions were studied in ten patients who underwent general anesthesia and major surgery. The neutrophil functions especially focused on were the producing capacities of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid such as Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), LTC4, LTD4, 6-trans-LTB4, and w-oxidation products of LTB4. Neutrophils were stimulated with calcium-ionophore A23187 (2x10(-5) M) in the presence of arachidonic acid (5x10(-5) M) for 5 minutes at 37 degrees C. The arachidonic acid metabolites were extracted by methanol. After centrifugation, the supernatant of the mixture was concentrated and applied to a C-18 column on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system, monitoring the absorbance at 280 nm. In all cases, the LTB4 production significantly increased postoperatively with an increment of 6-trans-LTB4 and w-oxidation products of LTB4. The LTC4 production, by contrast, significantly decreased postoperatively. LTD4 production was observed at neither pre nor postoperative periods. The total amount of LTA4 metabolites at the postoperative period, including LTB4, LTC4, and 6-trans-LTB4, increased 1.2 times compared with that at preoperative period. This indicates the possibility of the alteration of the neutrophil metabolism in 5-lipoxygenase cascade, the increment of LTA4 generation and the change of LTA4 metabolism from LTC4 synthesis to LTB4 generating pathway.
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PMID:Neutrophil producing capacity of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid after major surgery. 260 90


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