Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The latency of onset and the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital was studied in rats from 9 to 35 days of age, as well as in adult rats. Sleep latency was prolonged and sleep duration shortened with increasing age and maturation. Electrocorticographic changes after pentobarbital administration were studied in rats of 5-45 days of age and in adult rats. In rats 9 days of age or less the electrocorticogram manifested only depression of activity, whereas from the 12th day onward all characteristic barbiturate-induced phenomena were registered: spindles, slow waves, and isolated spikes with suppression of background activity. Spindles were the most conspicuous of the pentobarbital-induced phenomena and were the 1st to appear as a function of age, occurring only in the frontal areas of 12 days of age but in both frontal and occipital areas at 15 days of age. Frequency of the elements comprising spindles increased with from 2.5-3.5 c/sec in 12-day-old rats to 5-10 c/sec in adult animals. Barbiturate spindles could be used as a model for rhythmic thalamocortical phenomena even at early stages of development.
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PMID:Ontogenetic development of pentobarbital-induced EEG pattern and sleeping time in rats. 47 74

This study describes the tolerance characteristics of barbital compared to pentobarbital, the standard drug, during "chronically equivalent" treatment. Barbiturate tolerance was assessed as the increase in dose from the beginning to the end of treatment required to achieve equieffective peak effect. Dispositional tolerance was assessed as a reduction in the elimination half-life of barbiturate from blood. Functional tolerance was assessed as the increase in blood concentration of barbiturate at the time of peak effect. Overall, greater tolerance was developed to pentobarbital than to barbital. For pentobarbital, tolerance was both dispositional and functional; the dispositional tolerance developed rapidly and was almost complete at 1 week. For barbital, tolerance was exclusively functional. A most interesting finding was that functional tolerance to barbital and pentobarbital developed at the same slow rate for chronically equivalent treatment. This finding suggests that functional tolerance development is independent of the particular barbiturate reflecting the adaptability of the central nervous system to chronic depression.
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PMID:Physical dependence to barbital compared to pentobarbital. II. Tolerance characteristics. 56 51

Barbiturate anesthesia is known to increase canine splenic sequestration of red blood cells. In our laboratory, high halothane concentrations have produced a decreased arterial hematocrit in the dog. In order to assess the role of the spleen in this phenomenon, central hematocrit, plasma volume, and ventricular hemodynamics were studied at low and high halothane concentrations before and after splenectomy in the same group of dogs. Although the hematocrit difference was less after splenectomy, it was not abolished. In addition, there was more cardiovascular depression by equivalent or lower halothane doses after splenectomy. It appears that the dog has other areas of red cell sequestration than the spleen accounting for the persistently lower hematocrit with high halothane concentrations after splenectomy. The modifying effect of the canine spleen on the circulatory depression produced by halothane should be taken into account when the drug is used in the dog.
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PMID:The role of the canine spleen in cardiovascular homeostasis during halothane anesthesia. 92 20

Barbiturate anaesthesia is modulated by brain noradrenergic (NA) function. As derangement of NA pathways is postulated to occur in depression, changes in anaesthetic sensitivity measured as producing loss of eyelash reflex were monitored in 29 depressed patients throughout a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Patients thus monitored were followed for 12 months after completing treatment. An increase in barbiturate induction dose over a course of ECT, indicating a decrease in anaesthetic sensitivity, was a powerful predictor of maintained wellbeing. All patients who increased their sensitivity to the anaesthetic either failed to respond to the course of ECT or relapsed within 12 months. The possible mechanism for this is discussed.
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PMID:Change in barbiturate anaesthetic sensitivity as a prognostic indicator of electroconvulsive therapy outcome. 185 68

Barbiturate anesthesia for cesarean section was well described by Kosaka almost 20 years ago. However, light balanced anesthesia has become the unofficial standard general anesthesia for cesarean section in this country. This light anesthetic technique could be catastrophic in the patient with raised intracranial pressure. The dilemma posed by cesarean section of a young woman with posterior fossa brain tumor led us to revive use of Kosaka's higher doses of thiobarbiturate. Together with regional and topical anesthesia of the larynx and trachea, this method resulted in stable maternal hemodynamics without resulting in neonatal depression.
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PMID:Cesarean section in a patient with brain tumor: a clinical report. 249 72

Barbiturate actions on excitatory synaptic responses in CA 1 and dentate regions of hippocampal slices were studied to determine whether different effects occur on anatomically distinct synaptic pathways. Pentobarbital facilitated transmission between stratum radiatum inputs and CA 1 neurons at low concentrations (0.02-0.08 mM) and produced postsynaptic depression at higher concentrations. Only depression was observed for stratum oriens inputs to CA 1 and perforant path inputs to dentate granulae neurons. The (+) isomer of pentobarbital was approximately four times more potent than the (-) isomer of racemic mixture. Phenobarbital (0.04-0.12 mM) produced only depression of synaptic responses in CA 1 and dentate pathways. Comparison of effect on field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spike responses indicated that the barbiturates act at selective and pathway-specific sites. The results provide further evidence for specific cellular and membrane recognition sites for barbiturate action.
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PMID:Barbiturate effects on hippocampal excitatory synaptic responses are selective and pathway specific. 303 90

Opiate use in humans is associated with a reduction in the number of circulating T-lymphocytes and in their ability to undergo transformation, probably resulting from opiate binding to T-cell antigens. (See Table 4). Patients also manifest a diffuse hyperglobulinemia, without change in circulating B-cell numbers. In vitro exposure of rodent and human lymphocytes to cannabinoids depresses their transformation, natural killer activity, and interferon production. Similar results occur with in vivo exposure of rodents, but data in man are mixed. Cannabinoids also inhibit primary and secondary antibody responses in rodents. Data regarding the effects of CNS stimulants are too scanty to allow comment. Barbiturate anesthesia in man and animals produces a short-lived depression of lymphocyte transformation, NK activity, and ADCC; no studies of the effects of chronic exposure have been performed. Amyl nitrite has not been proven to possess any immunosuppressive activity.
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PMID:Alcohol and drugs as co-factors for AIDS. 332 50

Calcium-dependent action potentials were recorded from mouse spinal cord neurons in primary dissociated cell culture following addition of the potassium channel blockers tetraethylammonium ion and 3-aminopyridine. The pharmacologically active barbiturates, pentobarbital and phenobarbital, but not the pharmacologically inactive barbiturate, barbituric acid, produced reversible, dose-dependent reduction of action potential duration at sedative-hypnotic and anesthetic concentrations. Pentobarbital reduced action potential duration at concentrations from 25 to 600 microM (50% reduction at 170 microM) while phenobarbital reduced action potential duration at concentrations from 100 to 5000 microM (50% reduction at 900 microM). The barbiturate concentrations which reduced calcium-dependent action potential duration in this study correlate with reduction of neurotransmitter release from other neuronal preparations and with reduction of calcium uptake by synaptosomes. The results suggest that barbiturates may produce anesthesia in part by reduction of presynaptic calcium entry and consequent reduction of neurotransmitter release in addition to postsynaptic increase of membrane chloride ion conductance. Barbiturate anticonvulsant actions are probably due to postsynaptic augmentation of GABA-mediated inhibition and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission. The major difference between anticonvulsant (phenobarbital) and anesthetic (pentobarbital) barbiturates was the dose-dependency of these actions. Phenobarbital produced postsynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter responses at low concentrations and decreased calcium-dependent action potential duration and increased chloride ion conductance at high concentrations. In contrast, pentobarbital produced all actions at low concentrations. Thus for phenobarbital there would be a large therapeutic index for anticonvulsant activity compared to anesthetic activity but for pentobarbital there would be a small therapeutic index.
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PMID:Barbiturate reduction of calcium-dependent action potentials: correlation with anesthetic action. 627 33

Barbiturate therapy has been employed for reduction of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) after acute brain injury and also for cerebral resuscitation. However, this treatment may be complicated by hypotension with an adverse impact on survival. We, therefore, investigated the acute hemodynamic effects of pentobarbital (PB) when administered in loading doses of 4-7 mg/kg and maintenance doses of 1-4 mg/kg. After pentobarbital therapy, HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rectal temperature were significantly reduced. Four episodes of hypotension and 6 episodes of oliguria were observed during the initial 12 h of therapy in close relationship to reduced cardiac output, stroke volume, and MAP. These abnormalities were corrected by infusion of colloid-containing fluids. We postulate that increases in venous capacitance, hypovolemia, and decreased barostatic reflexes, rather than depression of myocardial function, accounted for the hemodynamic abnormalities.
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PMID:Hemodynamic effects of pentobarbital therapy for intracranial hypertension. 688 49

The change in illicit drug use from 1973 to 1979 was studied in Chicago veterans. Barbiturate and amphetamine use has decreased significantly. Nearly a seven-fold increase in pentazocine use has occurred. All but one of the pentazocine users added tripelennamine to the intravenous or subcutaneous injections. Sixty-four instances of medical or psychiatric complications including seizures, abscesses, depression, and psychosis, occurred in the 69 pantazocine and tripelennamine users. A possible pharmacologic explanation of the seizures and psychiatric complications is advanced. Most users of pentazocine and tripelennamine started in an attempt to withdraw from heroin or because of the poor quality of heroin available.
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PMID:Medical and psychiatric complications of pentazocine and tripelennamine abuse. 740 Jan 5


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