Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors report the case of a 26 year old non-migrainous man who presented over a 5 week period with a cluster of classical migrainous attacks associated with CSF lymphocytosis. The association of this type of CSF response with attacks of migraine is unusual; in migraine the CSF is normal or may show an isolated increase in protein content (with the exception of the very rare familial hemiplegic migraine). In the reported case, other conditions liable to give rise to migraine and CSF lymphocytosis having been excluded (acute DLE, brucellosis...), this association corresponded to a benign and spontaneously regressive condition, possibly a migraine symptomatic of benign acute lymphocytic meningitis. The authors suggest that a primary meningeal inflammation may have been the cause of the cluster of migraine attacks which in this case were more accompanied perhaps because they induced a wave of depression of cortical activity.
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PMID:[Migraine manifestations and lymphocyte pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid]. 363 29

Fourteen patients with high- (n = 7) and low-dose (n = 7) benzodiazepine (BDZ) dependency presented predominantly with anxious and depressive neurotic symptoms which caused long-term BDZ medication. Their BDZ dependency was characterized by giving preference to the abuse of benzodiazepines with long elimination half-life. Significant enlargement of CSF spaces was only found in high-dose dependent patients. Withdrawal after long-term BDZ medication revealed no differences between high- and low-dose BDZ dependency with respect to onset of withdrawal reaction and the correlation between onset of withdrawal and peak fall of BDZ serum level. The peak of withdrawal was reached 3-4 days later in high-dose BDZ dependent patients compared with those with a low-dose dependency. The peak withdrawal in high-dose dependent patients appeared when the serum BDZ metabolite nordiazepam dropped significantly. No such concomitant appearance of peak withdrawal and drop of serum nordiazepam level could be found in low-dose dependent patients. Specificity and intensity of BDZ withdrawal symptoms were the same for those dependent upon high doses of BDZs and those dependent upon low doses, but a protracted withdrawal was only observed in low-dose BDZ-dependent patients. During the withdrawal period psychopathometric measurements consistently revealed parallel changes in the scores for physical withdrawal symptoms, anxiety and depression. It is not clear whether anxiety and depression are "typical" BDZ withdrawal reactions or represent a "reactivated" state of the psychopathological disturbance which lead to the BDZ dependency. Possible implications for the therapeutical management of BDZ-dependent patients are discussed.
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PMID:Characterization of benzodiazepine withdrawal in high- and low-dose dependent psychiatric inpatients. 367 60

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a putative central neurotransmitter that depresses respiratory neurons and has a metabolism in the brain that is tied to CO2 fixation and H+ metabolism. Therefore, the effect of 3 concentrations of GABA (10, 30, and 50 mM) in different groups of pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs was investigated by ventriculocisternal perfusion for 15 to 45 min. During multiple perfusion sequences, tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency were recorded continuously, whereas heart rate (HR), mean systemic arterial pressure (Psa), cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were monitored periodically. Minute ventilation decreased by a reduction in VT. The mean VT (+/- SEM) decreased after 15 min of GABA perfusion from 365.9 +/- 19.5 to 151.0 +/- 15.0 ml with 50 mM GABA in mock CSF, from 272.8 +/- 25.1 to 110.6 +/- 7.4 with 30 mM GABA, and from 223.6 +/- 22.3 to 155.3 +/- 21.8 with 10 mM GABA. A decrease in mean inspiratory flow was associated with the reduction in VT. The decrease in ventilation was associated with respiratory acidosis. At each GABA concentration, mean Psa decreased, whereas HR fell only with 50 mM. Other cardiovascular parameters did not change. Perfusion with mock CSF alone restored cardiorespiratory depression caused by GABA. Mean Psa fell with GABA whether ventilation was kept constant mechanically or not. These results support the hypothesis of a GABA-sensitive mechanism via a population of receptors that affect respiratory and cardiovascular function and are accessible by ventriculocisternal perfusion.
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PMID:Reversible depression of ventilation and cardiovascular function by ventriculocisternal perfusion with gamma-aminobutyric acid in dogs. 371 57

Both concentrations of total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) in the human urine, plasma and CSF were determined with a high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in order to clarify the dynamic change in these noradrenaline metabolites. Three different biological fluids were collected simultaneously from 16 orthopedic patients who were regarded clinically as substitutes for normal subjects. In the urine, the MHPG concentrations were 1.67 +/- 0.65 micrograms/mg creatinine (mean +/- S.D.) and DHPG 0.39 microgram/mg creatinine +/- 0.21. The plasma levels were 21.16 ng/ml +/- 9.58 for MHPG, and 19.58 ng/ml +/- 8.13 for DHPG. The CSF levels of MHPG and DHPG were 24.08 ng/ml +/- 8.10 and 34.76 ng/ml +/- 11.46, respectively. The CSF levels of these metabolites were correlated significantly with those in the plasma (r = 0.852, p less than 0.001 for MHPG; r = 0.799, p less than 0.001 for DHPG), while no significant correlations were found between the urinary levels and either the plasma or CSF levels of these metabolites. In the urine, the MHPG levels were proportional to the DHPG levels, while the former were inversely proportional to the latter in the plasma or CSF. Neither the MHPG nor DHPG levels in the urine from depressed patients revealed to have any significant correlation with their clinical assessments using the Hamilton Rating Scale Score (HRS). The patients were treated with an antidepressant active selectively on the noradrenergic system, and no significant changes in urinary excretion of these metabolites were observed before and after the drug treatment. These findings suggest that in the case of psychiatric disorders such as depression, these compound levels in the plasma or CSF would provide more important information than those in the urine.
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PMID:Studies on 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) levels in human urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluids, and their significance in studies of depression. 377 51

In order to evaluate long-term intrathecal morphine therapy for cancer pain, whatever its location, 121 patients (80% were ambulatory patients) treated between April 1979 and April 1985 at the Cancer Institute of Montpellier (Centre Paul-Lamarque) were assessed. Morphine was stored in a presternal insulin syringe, protected by a sterile and waterproof dressing. A bolus administration of morphine via a subcutaneous lombo-epigastric subarachnoid catheter was scheduled every 12 h. This "closed" device was opened for refilling in an operating room only. The mean follow-up was 68 days (maximum: 13 months). More than 15,000 intrathecal injections were made. The mean daily amount of morphine required was 2.3 mg (extremes: 0.75 and 21 mg). All patients developed tolerance, requiring an adjustment of morphine dosages every 30 to 45 days. With the isobaric morphine solution, good or very good analgesia was achieved in 82% of patients, even in those suffering from thoracic or otolaryngologic pain. Mechanical complications (catheter coming out of the subarachnoid space in 7.67% of cases, leakage of CSF along the catheter in 9.16% of cases) were related to the exteriorization of the proximal catheter tip. With the exception of errors in manipulation, neither infection nor clinical respiratory depression were noticed. Nausea and vomiting were frequent but resolved spontaneously within a few days. Urine retention (33%) occurred mainly in men over 65 years, after pelvic surgery or radiotherapy. Because of the absence of a defined zone of analgesia, the small volumes required and the "ready for use" preparation, intrathecal isobaric morphine therapy will lead to easy self-administration via an implanted pump in the future.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Long-term intrathecal isobaric morphine therapy]. 377 64

A case of delayed respiratory depression following an intrathecal injection of hyperbaric morphine hydrochloride is reported. This injection was made during a lumbar myelography in a 60 year old patient suffering from metastatic epiduritis unrelieved by oral or parenteral drugs. The differences in densities between the CSF, hyperbaric opiate solution and contrast medium explain the migration of the morphine hydrochloride from the lumbar thecal space to the basal cisternae, giving a fall in the responsiveness to CO2 of the brain stem respiratory centres. Parenteral naloxone did not reverse this ventilatory depression. Only the myosis and the analgesia disappeared. After 16 h of various attempts of reversal by parenteral injections, an intrathecal injection of naloxone was tried. This small dose (0.1 mg), given intrathecally, resulted in a prompt return to normal of respiratory function.
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PMID:[Respiratory depression after intrathecal injection of morphine: value of in situ naloxone]. 384 Sep 64

The few studies reported to date suggest that CSF cortisol is increased in depression and mania compared to normal subjects but that this increase is not specific to these disorders, since increased levels occur in other psychiatric and neurologic disorders. The CSF elevation is probably secondary to cortisol changes in the blood, but CSF levels appear to be more stable. The diurnal change in CSF may also be greater than that in blood. The significant correlation between CSF and blood levels observed in monkeys has not been found in humans. Future studies must control for time of day, as well as diagnostic factors, and ideally should include other measures of cortisol function, such as urinary excretion or the DST. Regulation of CSF cortisol is not well understood, and its relationship to other brain chemistries is unclear.
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PMID:CSF cortisol in affective illness. 384 51

Fifty-four cases of death from hyperosmolar comas were examined pathoanatomically together with the postmortem biochemical analysis of the CSF and blood. Brain of animals with disturbances of the blood and CSF osmolarity was studied electron cytochemically and autoradiographically. It was discovered that the hyperosmolar comas are manifested by excosis and brain collapse. The brain is reduced in volume due to deep cell-extracell dehydration and alteration of the hematoencephalic barrier with the irreversible depression of the neuronal and glial metabolism. In 7 patients dying with the purulent-necrotic changes of vessels resulting from the hyperosmolar effect of verografin used for the carotid angiography, numerous perivascular hemorrhages developed in the brain. Dysequilibrium syndrome in hemodialysis is manifested by an acute brain swelling or by a formation at a later period of symmetrical ischemic-hemorrhagic necrosis in the thalamus and occipital lobes of the large hemispheres.
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PMID:[Pathologo-anatomical characteristics of hyperosmolar and other comatous conditions]. 392 35

The mode of action of lithium salts used in the prophylaxis of affective disorders is still unknown. During the last decade, animal data have provided considerable evidence that chronic administration of lithium within a "therapeutic range" induces 5-HT agonistic effects in the brain. Among other possible reasons this may be due to increased synthesis of 5-HT. After presenting the main animal data in this area, some recent findings in lithium-treated patients are reviewed supporting the biochemical and neurophysiological results. Taking into account that, firstly, lithium possesses antiaggressive effects in animals and men, and secondly, that (auto-)aggression seems to be related to a low concentration of 5-HIAA in CSF, and thirdly, that a close relationship exists between depression and aggressive behavior, the proof of 5-HT agonistic effects in humans may enable us to formulate an integrative theory on the mode of action of lithium salts.
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PMID:Lithium long-term treatment--does it act via serotonin? 392 31

The effect of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) was tested on the conduction of intracellularly recorded action potentials in lamprey giant reticulospinal axons. When the isolated spinal cord was exposed to 80 microM DPH for up to 4 h, no significant effect was seen on the amplitude or conduction velocity of the action potential, although the maximum rate of rise was reduced from 247.8 to 149.6 V/s after 1 h. However, at higher stimulus frequencies both the amplitude and conduction velocity of the action potential were reduced progressively during a 500 stimulus train. The reduction was greater the higher the stimulus frequency, and was reversed upon return to 1 Hz stimulation. At frequencies greater than 40 Hz an all-or-none block developed. This also developed sooner the higher the stimulus frequency. Axons bathed in drug-free solutions did not show this effect at stimulus frequencies up to 100 Hz. Similar effects were seen in 16 microM DPH when the spinal cord was exposed to the drug overnight. This is close to the human therapeutic CSF level. The frequency-dependent depression of the action potential was greatly potentiated by increasing the extracellular potassium concentration from 2.1 to 5 mM. Under these conditions the axons rapidly developed block at stimulus frequencies as low as 2 Hz, and this was not reversible during a 5 h wash. In the absence of DPH, 5 mM potassium produced a 4-5 mV depolarization, but did not induce a frequency-dependent block. This effect of potassium may be important to the therapeutic effect of DPH because during epileptiform activity the extracellular K+ increases several fold.
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PMID:Frequency-dependent action of phenytoin on lamprey spinal axons. 394 76


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