Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reviews the syndromic concepts of depression and dementia and the concurrence of these common entities. In DAT, depression appears to be a reversible source of excess disability, amenable to pharmacologic as well as environmental interventions. In the vascular dementias, depression appears to be a specific complicating feature, in which localization of the lesion plays a significant role. The abulic state should not be mistaken for a depressive syndrome, although its presence should alert the clinician to evaluate for dementia and depression. Depression is especially prevalent in the subcortical dementias. Future studies using dynamic neuroimaging will help define the limits of this important concept. Reversible forms of dementia are much less common than previously suspected. The clinician's task is to identify causes of excess disability due to superimposed illnesses while avoiding diagnostic or therapeutic nihilism. The appropriate use of medication and the ongoing surveillance for adverse drug reactions are the foremost tasks of today's clinician treating the elderly patient.
 ...
PMID:Depression, dementia, and reversible dementia. 160 Apr 79

We examined patients with Dementia-Alzheimer's Type, depression, and matched controls on tasks designed to compare automatic (monitoring frequency and modality) and effortful (free recall) processing of words and pictures. The results demonstrated that depressed patients performed poorly only when conditions required effortful processing, but DAT patients performed poorly under all conditions. There was almost no overlap in scores between DAT and elderly depressed patients on one of the measures of automatic processing suggesting that this measure may be clinically useful. The results suggest that automatic memory processes can be partially dissociated from effortful memory processes, but that both types of operations are impaired in DAT patients.
 ...
PMID:Automatic memory processes in patients with dementia-Alzheimer's type (DAT). 224 37

Psychiatric symptoms were investigated and compared in 95 patients with Alzheimer type dementia (DAT) and in 39 patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia (PD-D). The diagnosis of the dementia and psychiatric disorders was based on DSM III R criteria; dementia stage was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). PD-D were significantly older than DAT patients. Delirium was more frequent in the advanced stages of both PD-D and DAT, being mainly of the hypoactive type in PD-D and the hyperactive type in DAT. Delusions and hallucinations predominated in the early CDR stages of both illnesses and did not differ between groups; the same was true for depression. The results revealed different psychopathological profiles in DAT and PD-D patients.
 ...
PMID:Differing patterns of psychiatric impairment in Alzheimer and demented parkinsonian patients. 787 58

The shape and thickness of the third ventricles were studied with magnetic resonance imaging in 46 patients under evaluation for memory impairment. We compared this population with 23 subjects imaged for other reasons. The study group consisted of patients with diagnoses of probable dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT; 35.6%), multi-infarct dementia (MID; 22.2%), depression (8.9%), alcoholic dementia (6.7%), other dementias (OD; 13.2%) and no dementia (6.7%). Within the study group, there were no significant differences across diagnostic categories for duration of symptoms or level of education. Patients with DAT were, however, more impaired than others (Mini-Mental State Examination scores: DAT 14.6 [+/- 8.2] versus MID 17.4 [+/- 6.2] versus OD 21.2 [+/- 6.4]). Demented subjects were more likely than nondemented individuals to have a convex third ventricle and greater wall separation. The results suggest that the shape of the third ventricle may correlate with dementia. Possibly, the dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus is involved in the dementia.
 ...
PMID:Convex third ventricle: a possible sign for dementia using MRI. 825 Oct 50

The EEG alterations attributed to senescence are the complex result of functional as well as organic factors, such as normal physiological aging, pathological process which results in cognitive deterioration, and/or psychological phenomena including depression. The aim of this study is to clarify which factors influence which EEG features and to evaluate the relationship between the clinical and electrophysiological indices. For simplicity, this study focused on the major three factors that are important in dealing with senescence; 1) normal, physiological aging; 2) dementia; 3) depression. A total of 191 subjects participated in this study. The subject groups were classified into 9 groups based on their age and pathology. Two healthy elderly groups (N = 60; between the ages of 60 and 80 years; subclassified according to their social activity), a healthy young volunteers' group (N = 30; between the ages of 20 and 39), a healthy middle-aged volunteers' group (N = 30; between the ages of 40 and 59), four subject groups of dementia of Alzheimer's type [DAT] classified according to the severity of dementia (total number of subjects = 44), depressive elderly subjects (N = 12), and one group of subjects who are older than 80 years (N = 15). The depressive subjects were diagnosed as major depression with their main symptom being psychomotor retardation which resembles the clinical picture of early dementia. The EEGs change with age. This well-approved fact is also confirmed in this study based on ANOVA. Within the same age groups, there were little differences in EEGs regardless of the quality of their social activities. More slow activity, more 20-32Hz fast activity, and less 13.5-20.0Hz beta activity were seen in the socially-inactive group than in the socially-active group (multiple range test based on Tukey's method). The fact that no tendency of increases in slow and fast activities accompanied by a decrease of alpha activity were seen in the socially-active group suggest that having such tendency in their EEG features may be indicative of underlying pathological process that are qualitatively different from normal physiological aging. The moderate grade of those change may not yet cause clinical impairment noticeable as dementia, but appear as less social activity. The EEGs of depressed elderly differed from the socially-inactive elderly as well as the mild dementia particularly in beta frequency bands. There were no significant differences between the socially-inactive elderly and the mild dementia. The tendency of an increase of slow activity and a decrease of alpha activity was seen as the clinical severity of dementia increases. However, these changes reached at the statistically significant level only in the extremely demented subject group. To extract the feature indices of the EEGs, PCA was applied. Five principal components were descriptive of 88% of the data. The EEG features summarized by these components could differentiate the socially-active elderly and the socially-inactive elderly, and the depressed group was distinctively differed from other groups. Interestingly PCA showed the similarity between the socially-inactive elderly and the mild dementia, and the similarity between the middle-aged and the young volunteers. Except for the extreme dementia, subgroups of DAT patients according to the clinical severity did not show distinctive differences in EEG features. The correlation among the EEG derivations was investigated using cluster analysis. The result indicated that the interhemispheric electrophysiological correlation diminishes along with the advancement of the pathological process of the brain. This study indicated that the EEG indices derived from the multivariate analyses are more informative in regard to the relationship among EEG variables as well as these spatial relationship than evaluating the changes in each frequency band alone.
 ...
PMID:[Analytic study on EEG features of aging with/without psychiatric disorders: focussing at the alterations in the EEGs of the healthy, depressive and demented elderlies]. 855 25

This study was designed to evaluate, whether investigations of cerebral blood flow can be a helpful diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis between (senile) dementia of Alzheimer's type [(S)DAT] and geriatric depression with cognitive impairment. Under clinical routine conditions we performed Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) using 99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime (HMPAO) in 23 patients with (S)DAT (14f, 9m; mean age 68.9 y), 17 patients with geriatric depression (9 f, 8 m; mean age 66.4 y) and 12 age-matched controls (9 f, 3 m; mean age 69.2 y). Semiquantitative analysis (corticocerebellar ratios) of eight different regions of interest (ROI) revealed a significantly (p < 0.05) reduced perfusion in the (S)DAT patients compared to the control group. The depression group exhibited perfusion values between the (S)DAT and control group. The difference between the depression and (S)DAT group was most prominent in the left parieto-occipital ROI (p = 0.008). We discuss the data with extensive regard to the literature and conclude that 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT is a valuable additional tool in the differential diagnosis of depression and dementia in the elderly.
 ...
PMID:99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in the diagnosis of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type--a study under clinical routine conditions. 857 5

The successful generation and functional expression of a series of recombinant chimeric transporters, in which distinct functional properties of NET and DAT are exchanged, have allowed the assignment of a number of important functional properties of MPP+ and antidepressant-sensitive catecholamine transporters to specific domains within their primary structure. These studies are the first comprehensive structure-function analysis of members of the rapidly growing superfamily of Na+/Cl- carriers using chimeric transporters. This represents the first step in identifying the specific structural or regulatory determinants that differentiate NET and DAT. An appreciation of the potentially distinct sites for substrate recognition, translocation, and transport inhibition of NET and DAT may facilitate the development of more selective drugs for the treatment of stimulant addiction, human depression, and other affective disorders.
 ...
PMID:Discrete structural domains and cell-specific expression determine functional selectivity of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. 878 50

Clinical electroencephalography is a relatively simple and inexpensive diagnostic tool with a high sensitivity for diffuse organic encephalopathy of various aetiologies but with a rather low specificity for the type of diagnosis. The highest sensitivity is shown in DAT and Parkinson dementia, and in these conditions the degree of EEG abnormality is correlated with the disease severity. Quantification of EEG makes these correlations more reliable and provides a method for monitoring therapeutic effects. Dementias with predominantly frontal pathology show much less EEG abnormality, and in these conditions the EEG is often normal despite obvious clinical dementia. Also, alcohol dementias often show normal EEG patterns. At an early stage of clinical evaluation, EEG may be useful in the discrimination of organic dementia from pseudodementia, because EEG is usually normal in depression, confusion, agitation and other psychiatric conditions. In pseudodementia due to intoxication with sedatives the EEG is usually dominated by diffuse beta activity. At the stage of differential diagnosis of an organic brain disorder, EEG cannot reliably discriminate between encephalopathies secondary to hydrocephalus, AIDS, cerebrovascular disease, B12 deficiency and primary degenerative diseases such as DAT. More specific EEG patterns are seen in acute cerebrovascular lesions, metabolic encephalopathies, i.e. of hepatic origin, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, herpes encephalitis, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus as possible causes of a rapidly deteriorating mental and neurological condition. Repeated EEG recordings over time would add significantly to the diagnostic information. New techniques such as topographical brain mapping, analysis of the EEG during REM sleep, coherence analysis of the EEG activity, and the combination of quantified EEG techniques with evoked potentials and event-related potentials will presumably add to the sensitivity as well as the specificity of the electrophysiological methods in the diagnosis of dementia.
 ...
PMID:Electroencephalography as a diagnostic tool in dementia. 906 24

The authors investigated sources of disagreement on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) between patients and their collateral sources (CSs). There were 198 subjects with possible or probable Alzheimer's disease (DAT) and 64 cognitively intact subjects evaluated at an outpatient geriatric assessment center. The 30-item GDS was completed by the patient and the CS version of the GDS by the CS. A sizable discrepancy was found in the reporting of depressive symptoms by the subjects vs. the CSs. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that both level of insight and level of physical illness in the subjects with DAT significantly influenced the discrepancy. An increased sense of burden in the CSs was associated with a larger symptom gap in both DAT and control subjects. CSs consistently perceived more depressive symptoms than subjects, especially subjects with DAT who had no insight into their cognitive impairment.
 ...
PMID:Disagreement in the reporting of depressive symptoms between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and their collateral sources. 979 79

To obtain gastroprokinetic agents with more potent and selective activity than metoclopramide and cisapride, a series of N-(4-benzyl-2-morpholinylmethyl)benzamides were designed and prepared. Their synthesis and structure-activity relationships were described. As a result, mosapride was selected as a promising candidate for potent gastroprokinetic activity with selective 5-HT4 receptor agonistic activity. As an extension to this project, the novel benzamide and the carboxamide derivatives having 1-benzyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepine ring in the amine moiety were prepared and evaluated for 5-HT3 receptor antagonistic activity. DAT-582 was identified as an antiemetic agent in cancer chemotherapy. The asymmetric synthesis of DAT-582 and the SAR studies were briefly reviewed. In further modifications of the N-(1-benzyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepin-6-yl)benzamides, the novel nicotinamides with 1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepin ring were found to have potent 5-HT3 and dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonistic activities and to show weak central nervous system depression and extrapyramidal syndrome. After extensive SARs, AS-8112 was selected as a broad antiemetic agent.
 ...
PMID:Nitrogen-containing heteroalicycles with serotonin receptor binding affinity: development of gastroprokinetic and antiemetic agents. 991 93


1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>