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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma albumin levels were measured in partially hepatectomized, sham operated and control rats. The levels fell in both the partially hepatectomized and sham operated groups; while the latter group returned to normal within a few days, the low plasma albumin in the partially hepatectomized animals was sustained. Albumin synthesis rates in the isolated perfused rat liver were measured in the three groups of animals at varying intervals after partial hepatectomy. There was a significant depression of albumin synthesis rate in terms of both liver and whole animal weights when compared to the sham operated and control animals. This depression was almost completely reversed by the addition of arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan and valine added together to 10 times their normal plasma concentrations. The addition of hydrocortisone had no effect on the albumin synthesis rate after partial hepatectomy. Studies in vivo in the three groups of animals (partially hepatectomized, sham operated and control animals) revealed a fall in the albumin catabolic rate after partial hepatectomy coinciding with the fall in the albumin synthesis rate. An hypothesis whereby the amino acids may have their stimulatory effect is proposed.
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PMID:Albumin synthesis and catabolism following partial hepatectomy in the rat. The effects of amino acids and adrenocortical steroids on albumin synthesis after partial hepatectomy. 115 98

In resting rat liver a dose of cycloheximide (1 mg. per kg.) inhibits leucine incorporation by 80 per cent whereas doses above 15 mg. per kg. inhibit it more than 90 per cent, when tested at 90 minutes following intraperitoneal injection. Initial stimulation of incorporation of orotate into total cellular, nuclear, and nucleolar fractions was seen at all doses tested. After 3 hours, however, marked suppression of incorporation particularly into nucleolar RNA was seen at 5 mg. per kg. and above while 1 mg. per kg. continued to stimulate. At 5 hours there was continued marked inhibition of RNA synthesis by 30 mg. per kg. and slight depression of RNA synthesis even by 1 mg. per kg. Preliminary ultrastructural studies failed to show objective nucleolar alterations even after 5 hours of cycloheximide treatment at a dose of 30 mg. per kg. No direct effect of several concentrations of cycloheximide on RNA synthesis was seen in an in vitro nucleolar system.
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PMID:The effect of high and low doses of cycloheximide on nucleolar ribonucleic acid synthesis. 116 Mar 39

The effect of undernutrition on the rate of protein synthesis and the development of metabolic compartmentation of glutamate in the brain was investigated by using [U -14 C] leucine as precursor. In the brain of normal rats the incorporation rate of [14C] leucine into protein was at a maximum during the 3rd week after birth, but in the undernourished animal this rate was markedly lower. The biochemical maturation of the brain, followed in terms of the age-dependent increase in the glutamine/glutamate specific radioactivity ratio, was severly retarded in the undernourished animals, mainly as a result of a marked depression in the conversion of leucine carbon into glutamine. However these biochemical effects of undernutrition were reversible: on rehabilitation from Day 21-35 the rate of conversion of leucine carbon, both into proteins and glutamate and glutamine, was restored to normal.
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PMID:Effect of undernutrition on metabolic compartmentation of glutamate and on the incorporation of [14C] leucine into protein in the developing rat brain. 122 8

The influence of Desmethylimipramin (PertofranR) on the regional uptake of 3H-leucine in different areas of rat brains has been investigated with autoradiographic methods. Male rats were injected 10 m/kg Desmethylimipramin (DMI, PertofranR) i.m. and 1 hr later 8,33 mCi 3H-leucine i.p.. 1 and 7 hrs after application 3H-leucine the animals were sacrificed. Concentrations of silvergrains of 3H-leucine activity were countered under surface illumination in varions brain areas by means of strippingfilmautoradiograms. DMI markedly depressed the concentrations of 3H-leucine-activity in all layers of the parietal cortex after 8 hrs and the depression was greater with the increase of nerv- and gliacellvolumendensity of the layers. Within 2 hrs such an influence of DMI on 3H-leucine uptake could not be found. There was a smaller decrease of 3H-leucine incorporation after DMI applications in some layers of ammon's horn, dentate gyrus and cerebellum. Some further effects of DMI and IP (Imipramine) on components concerned with protein metabolism are discussed.
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PMID:[Autoradiographic studies of the effect of desmethylimipramine (DMI, Pertofran) on the incorporation of 3H-leucine into the rat brain]. 123 14

Damage to the lung may be caused by chemicals that gain access to the alveolar zone by inhalation or via the pulmonary circulation. Several agents toxic to the lung have recently been found to bind covalently to pulmonary macromolecules or to disrupt certain metabolic reactions. However, it has also been observed that extensive chemical lung injury is not necessarily preceded by a depression of pulmonary metabolic reactions. One possible explanation for this might be that biochemical changes due to cell death are often masked and/or compensated for by changes associated with lung tissue repair. Substantial cell proliferation as a response to toxic lung damage is a common phenomenon in lung pathology. This makes it necessary to develop models that permit analysis of the biochemical events triggering and accompanying cell growth in lung. We have recently examined some aspects of cell proliferation in mouse lung. Intraperitoneal injection of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) produces within 3-5 days extensive hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and general disorganization of the cellular components of the lung. Total lung weight and total DNA per lung almost double within this time and are accompanied by proportional increases in protein and lipids. RNA accumulates at a faster rate than DNA. The changes in lung composition are accompanied by dose-dependent increases in the in vivo incorporation of thymidine into DNA and of leucine into protein. The activities of several enzymes (thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, uridine kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 5'-nucleotidase) increase substantially after BHT. Administration of BHT to mice seems to offer a convenient tool to study cell growth in the lungs of mice.
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PMID:Biochemical pathology of lung damage produced by chemicals. 124 36

Rats had free access to 0.02% d-amphetamine solution instead of water for 23 days. The daily amphetamine consumption was found to increase from 16 mg/kg on day 1 up to 47 mg/kg on day 23. Tolerance to the anorexic effect of the drug was apparent on day 11. The initial depression in body weight persisted throughout the experiment. The hyperactivity of rats remained at the same level despite the daily increase in amphetamine intake. The incorporation of C14-leucine into cerebral cortex proteins was initially increased and returned to control level after 2 weeks of treatment. No direct correlation between hyperactivity and brain cortex protein synthesis was observed.
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PMID:The effect of chronic self-administration of d-amphetamine on food intake, locomotor activity, and C14-leucine incorporation into cerebral cortex protein. 125 Sep 41

Flow cytometry with monoclonal antibody Leu-7 (CD57), Leu-11 (CD56) and Leu-19 (CD56) were used to study the content of different subpopulations of natural killer cells (NK-cells) in the blood of type I diabetes mellitus patients before and after insulin treatment and in healthy people. After a course of insulin therapy most patients showed restoration of the total cell number with antigens on their surface characteristic of NK-cells, especially CD56, that indicates the essential role of hypoinsulin in the depression of the NK-system. At the same time a small group of patients was distinguished who did not show such normalization. This may indicate participation of other mechanisms in the formation of natural immunity failure, in particular, the genetic.
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PMID:[The effect of insulin therapy on the level of natural killer cells of different immunological phenotypes (CD16+, CD56+ and CD57+) in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus type I]. 128 83

ProELH is the prohormone to the bag cell egg-laying peptide of Aplysia. In addition to containing the structure of the hormone (ELH) itself, proELH also contains several other secreted peptides: AP (acidic peptide) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-bag cell peptides (BCPs). The BCPs, ranging in length from 5 to 9 amino acids, are structurally similar in that they all contain the sequence Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe. An additional peptide from the atrial gland, Atrial A, also contains this sequence. The BCPs previously have been reported to have direct feedback (autocrine) effects on the bag cells, including electrophysiological excitation and inhibition. Moreover, some of these effects are temperature-dependent. The autocrine functions of these peptides were explored here by investigating their effects on bag cell cAMP levels. In addition, we monitored the effects of Atrial A, as well as ELH and AP, which are proELH products that do not have sequence homology with the BCPs. While ELH and AP have no effect on bag cell cAMP levels, the other peptides fall into two functional classes. alpha- and gamma-BCP produce an elevation of cAMP levels at 20 degrees and a depression at 15 degrees C. The elevation in cAMP is sensitive to low Ca2+/high Mg2+. beta-BCP and Atrial A elevate cAMP levels independently of temperature, and are insensitive to low Ca2+/high Mg2+. Our results suggest that there may be multiple bag cell receptors for these peptides with the Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe sequence representing a receptor-recognition motif.
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PMID:ProELH-related peptides: influence on bag cell cAMP levels. 133 78

The effect of gentamicin on both glutamate synthesis and glutamate deamination was studied in kidney-cortex mitochondria and tubules isolated from both control and gentamicin-treated animals. In kidney-cortex mitochondria which were permeabilized in order to make a free access of substrates and antibiotic to the glutamate dehydrogenase, gentamicin appeared to be a very potent inhibitor of glutamate synthesis, resulting in about 60% decrease of the enzyme activity at 5 mM concentration. Other aminoglycoside antibiotics decreased the enzymatic activity, in the following order: gentamicin > neomycin = tobramycin = kanamycin > biodacyna > amikacin > streptomycin. This, in principle, corresponds to their known nephrotoxic potential observed in vivo. The inhibitory action of antibiotics was abolished by neither ADP nor leucine, allosteric activators of glutamate dehydrogenase. Surprisingly, gentamicin did not decrease the rate of ammonia formation from glutamate when added to both renal tubules and mitochondria isolated from control rabbits. This indicates that the antibiotic exerts its inhibitory effect on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the direction of glutamate synthesis only. In contrast, the rate of both glutamate deamination and glutamate synthesis was about 40% lower in renal tubules and mitochondria isolated from kidney-cortex of animals which were given antibiotics for 10 days. In view of these results it seems that (i) the depression of ammoniagenesis in gentamicin-treated animals may be due to a decrease of glutamate dehydrogenase content and (ii) under conditions in vitro the aminoglycoside inhibits the enzyme activity in the direction of glutamate synthesis while it does not affect the glutamate deamination.
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PMID:Differential in vivo and in vitro effect of gentamicin on glutamate synthesis and glutamate deamination in rabbit kidney-cortex tubules and mitochondria. 136 90

Methapyrilene (MP) is a rat-specific liver carcinogen that alters mitochondrial number and morphology both in vivo and in vitro. This biological phenomenon may be due to the effects of MP on mitochondrial function. To test this hypothesis, studies were conducted to examine the effects of MP on DNA and protein synthesis and respiration in isolated mitochondria. DNA and protein synthesis activities were measured using [3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine incorporation. Mouse liver mitochondria were also examined for comparison since no tumor formation or alterations in mitochondrial morphology have been associated with MP treatment in mice. A significant decrease in basal DNA and protein synthesis levels was observed in mitochondria isolated from rats and mice following in vivo MP treatment. This effect could not be reproduced when mitochondria were exposed to 0 or 100 microM MP following isolation, despite the presence of an S9 activation system. Electron microscopic examinations were performed on isolated rat mitochondria and revealed morphologic differences between mitochondria from naive and MP-treated rats. Although significant differences in State 3 and State 4 respiratory rates were noted, the respiratory control ratio, ADP/O ratio, and uncoupler-stimulated respiratory rates were unaffected. Results demonstrate that: (1) MP irreversibly depresses DNA and protein synthesis in a majority of mitochondria, despite only localized morphologic changes; (2) these changes are not reflected by a decrease in respiratory function; and (3) depression of DNA and protein synthesis does not correlate with carcinogenic susceptibility.
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PMID:Effects of methapyrilene measured in mitochondria isolated from naive and methapyrilene-treated rat and mouse hepatocytes. 152 42


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