Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Spreading depression (SD) in the chick retina is completely suppressed by 10 mM MgCl2 in the bathing solution (Mg-sensitive SD). However, after increasing the KCl concentration in the Mg solution to values between 10 and 20 mM the retina can again exhibit SDs (Mg-insensitive SD). It has been postulated that the Mg-sensitive SD is a glutamatergic phenomenon. This is supported by the effect of four gl(utamate)-antagonists--L-proline, glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE), D-alpha-aminoadipate (D-AA), and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB)--which all suppressed this type of SD. It was suggested that this effect is due to competitive binding of glutamate involved in the Mg-sensitive SD and the gl-antagonist to glutamate receptors. The suppression of SD could be reversed by washing the preparation in a physiologic salt solution. The gl-antagonists in relatively high concentrations had a cytotoxic effect which, when severe, suppressed SD and prevented the recovery of this phenomenon by washing the compound out of the tissue. The compounds examined had, in addition to their gl-antagonistic properties, a gl-agonistic effect, which was postulated to enhance the Na+ permeability of neural membranes resulting in a release of K+ into the extracellular space. In preparations bathed in 10 mM MgCl2 (which suppresses Mg-sensitive SDs) the four compounds investigated promoted Mg-insensitive SDs supposedly when the extracellular K+ concentration reached values between 10 and 20 mequiv.
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PMID:The nature of the chick's magnesium-sensitive retinal spreading depression. 615 68

The interaction of endotoxin with cultured fibroblasts resulted in a depression of cellular proliferation and an increased synthesis of macromolecules, namely collagenous and non-collagenous proteins. The collagen salt-soluble fraction was increased at the expense of the insoluble fraction, and both the salt-soluble fraction and collagen secreted into the medium was underhydroxylated.
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PMID:Stimulation of macromolecular synthesis by endotoxin-treated 3T6 fibroblasts. 624 93

It has been established that neurodystrophy resulting from the sectioning of an animal's left sciatic nerve and treatment of its central stump with formalin leads to a prolonged disturbance of the water- and salt-excreting function of the kidneys. As a rule, this is expressed as oligouria and decreased excretion of sodium in the urine. The indicated changes are due to disturbance of both intra- and extrarenal mechanisms. Intrarenal mechanisms of oligouria basically involve an acute depression in filtration of primary urine, and the hyponatriuresis is due to a decrease in the sodium load of the nephron and to an increase in the tubular reabsorption of sodium. Extrarenal mechanisms implicated in the indicated changes in sodium reabsorption involve an increased concentration of mineralocorticoid hormones of the body. Further studies have shown that the hyponatriuresis which arises during neurodystrophy is related not only to the increased concentration of the above-mentioned hormones in the fluid media of the body, but also is related to a change in the kidneys' sensitivity to them.
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PMID:Disturbance of kidney aldosterone sensitivity and the mechanism of its development during neurodystrophy. 625 79

Severe copper deficiency was induced in rats by rearing nursing dams and their offsprings on a semisynthetic diet comprising all the requisite nutrients and trace metals except copper. The copper-deprived rats exhibited growth retardation, severe anaemia, loss of caeruloplasmin, decrease of cytochrome oxidase, accumulation of salt-soluble collagen and a drastic decrease in iron in plasma and liver. Apart from these characteristic signs of deficiency, a marked inhibition of protein synthesis was found to occur both in vivo and in cell-free liver preparations. The curtailed ability to carry out endogenously coded amino acid incorporation into protein contrasted with the unimpaired poly(U)-acid-directed phenylalanine polymerization. This inhibition pattern, as well as the attendant disaggregation of the liver polyribosomes, suggested that the primary biosynthetic lesion was located at the stage of peptide-chain initiation. Concurrently with this alteration there was a pronounced depletion of the hepatic ATP content, associated with a parallel depression of mitochondrial respiration and an enhancement of ATPase activity. Supplementation of the copper-deficient diet with a 2-4-fold excess of iron (relative to the standard diet) prevented growth retardation and anaemia and restored normal energy metabolism, as well as unimpaired protein-synthesizing capacity. The conclusion that these disturbances were primarily determined by the secondary iron deficiency was also borne out by the finding that similar alterations occurred in rats maintained on a copper-sufficient but iron-deficient diet. On the other hand, the iron-fortified diet failed to reverse the other signs of copper deficiency, namely the loss of caeruloplasmin, the diminished rate of cytochrome oxidase and the increase of soluble collagen. The interrelations between the various biochemical lesions induced by deprivation of copper or iron are discussed and the possible role of ATP depletion in determining the derangement of protein synthesis is considered.
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PMID:Biochemical lesions in copper-deficient rats caused by secondary iron deficiency. Derangement of protein synthesis and impairment of energy metabolism. 625 58

Expansion of the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) promotes the release of a small molecular weight (less than or equal to 1,000 Daltons) humoral natriuretic factor. The resulting natriuresis is accompanied by inhibition of renal cortical tissue and red blood cell Na-K-ATPase activity. This transport inhibitor, presumably an acidic peptide derived from a larger precursor molecule, was so far recovered from the serum and urine of rat, dog, and man, and from renal cortical tissue homogenate. Using Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography the inhibitor is eluted in the post-salt fraction IV. Its natriuretic action is demonstrated by bioassay methods, it depresses sodium transport of isolated amphibian membranes and inhibits Na-K-ATPase enzyme activity in vitro. The inhibitor isolated from human urine binds to specific antibodies against digoxin. This natriuretic factor is absent in patients with arterial hypotension and in edematous patients with secondary aldosteronism. In contrast, high inhibitory activity is found in patients with primary aldosteronism, a condition which represents the most classical type of low renin volume-dependent hypertension. Since enzyme inhibition by this humoral endogenous agent probably extends to various Na-K-ATPase-dependent transport systems including vascular smooth muscle fibers, depression of their Na-K pump will raise intracellular concentrations of sodium and calcium and thereby induce vasoconstriction. It is therefore tempting to speculate that the natriuretic hormone plays an important role in the pathogenesis of volume-dependent arterial hypertension.
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PMID:Natriuretic hormone - a circulating inhibitor of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase. Its potential role in body fluid and blood pressure regulation. 627 45

A review of current information on the composition, pharmacological actions and mode of death from cow's urine concoction (CUC) toxicity is presented. The concoction is prepared from leaves of tobacco, garlic and basil; lemon juice, rock salt and bulbs of onion. The latter items are soaked in the urine from cows which acts as the vehicle in which the active principles in these constituents dissolve. Over fifty chemical compounds have been identified in CUC. The major compounds it contains are benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, p-cresol, thymol and nicotine. The chemical composition and pharmacological cations of the individual components of CUC are also reviewed. Observations of CUC poisoning in man and experimental animals showed that the main effects of CUC are severe depression of respiration, cardiovascular system, the central nervous system and hypoglycaemia. These toxic effects acting singly or in combination are believed to be the cause(s) of death from CUC. Management is geared towards correcting these adverse effects.
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PMID:Cow's urine concoction: its chemical composition, pharmacological actions and mode of lethality. 631 93

The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a complex of symptoms that usually occurs seven to ten days before menses in large numbers of women. These symptoms typically cease during the 24 hours after the onset of menses. PMS affects many areas of the body, with each afflicted woman having her personal set of symptoms. Frequently encountered signs and symptoms include breast tenderness and swelling, weight gain, headache, abdominal cramping and bloating, food cravings, thirst, nausea, joint pain, acne, dizziness, hyperalgesia and one or more psychologic symptoms: irritability, lethargy and fatigue, depression, anxiety, hostility and aggression. Theories relating PMS to hormonal imbalance, vitamin deficiency or psychosomatic aberration have failed to explain this condition fully. Treatments using hormones, vitamins, oral contraceptives or diuretics have failed to relieve all the symptoms of PMS. The prostaglandin (PG) theory proposes that these nearly ubiquitous substances, produced in pathophysiologic amounts in brain, breast, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and reproductive tract, can trigger many of the PMS symptoms. If that is true, then a PG inhibitor could counteract excessive PG production and successfully control those PMS symptoms related to prostaglandin excess or imbalance. Therapy based upon this theory can proceed to the use of PG inhibitors in conservative steps. First, permanent deletion of xanthine-containing beverages (coffee, tea, cola and chocolate) from the diet can reduce nervousness, irritability and breast tenderness. Luteal phase salt restriction, with a mild diuretic used if necessary the last week before menses, adds to this effect. For the 20-25% of women who need more help, either a PG inhibitor or natural progesterone (to oppose the action of PGs), given when PMS begins, brings relief. In women with depressive PMS complaints, small daily doses of an antidepressant may prove helpful.
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PMID:The use of prostaglandin inhibitors for the premenstrual syndrome. 635 May 80

Rheumatic diseases are prevalent in the elderly population, resulting in high morbidity caused mainly by lack of mobility. Consequently, the use of antirheumatic drugs in older persons is extensive. This review outlines some of the hazards encountered in the use of antirheumatic drugs in the elderly. Analgesics such as propoxyphene and acetaminophen are useful adjuncts to the treatment of arthritic pain, but propoxyphene has been associated with respiratory depression, and renal clearance of acetaminophen is reduced in elderly subjects. Salicylates may cause deafness, and like the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may cause salt and water retention resulting in congestive cardiac failure. Phenylbutazone should not be used because of the risk of blood dyscrasia, and indomethacin has been reported as interfering with the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers. Chloroquine levels may be raised in patients with impaired renal function, and there is increased risk of retinal damage with the drug in elderly subjects. Injectable gold compounds and penicillamine are not contraindicated in the elderly, because they are just as efficacious as in younger persons for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Toxicity due to gold compound is not increased in the elderly, but skin rashes and abnormalities of taste do occur more commonly in elderly patients treated with penicillamine. Corticosteroids do not affect disease progression and therefore should be used only in acute severe disease for short periods of time. As in the younger population, treatment of gout in the elderly is dependent on renal function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Problems of antiarthritic therapy in the elderly. 636 34

[(5Z,13E,9 alpha,11 alpha,15S)-2,3,4-Trinor - 1,5 - inter-m - phenylene - 6,9 - epoxy - 11,5 - dihydroxy - 15 - cyclohexyl - 16,17,18,19,20-pentanor]- prosta-5,13-dienoic acid (sodium salt) (CG 4203) is a new stable epoprostenol (prostacyclin) analogue with a relative platelet antiaggregatory potency of 0.46 (ADP aggregation in vitro) and a hypotensive potency of 0.14 (anaesthetized rat i.v.) as compared to epoprostenol. In isolated perfused rat hearts, CG 4203 (4.64 X 10(-9) mol/l) significantly attenuated arrhythmias and loss of left ventricular creatine kinase (CK) activity observed in control hearts after 30 min perfusion with hypoxic and 30 min reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution. In anaesthetized rats, CG 4203 (1.0 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 i.v.) significantly reduced incidence of ventricular fibrillation and increase in plasma CK activity after ligation of the left coronary artery. Infusion of 1.0 and 2.15 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 CG 4203 i.v. in anaesthetized rats dose-dependently inhibited electrocardiographic changes, i.e. ST depression observed after i.v. injection of 1.0 IU X kg-1 vasopressin. In rat models of sustained myocardial hypoxia, myocardial infarction, and transient cardiac ischemia, CG 4203 thus exerts cardioprotective effects which, depending on the model considered, may be ascribed to either its vasodilatory, coronary dilatory, antiaggregatory or epoprostenol-like cytoprotective activity.
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PMID:Cardioprotective action of the new stable epoprostenol analogue CG 4203 in rat models of cardiac hypoxia and ischemia. 644 79

The effects of the ortho and para isomers of aryldimethyltriazeno carboxylic and benzensulfonic acids and amides have been examined in mice bearing subcutaneous Lewis lung carcinoma. The toxicity of these compounds varies widely and does not correlate with the effects on tumor progression. The growth of subcutaneous primary tumor is unaffected or only marginally inhibited by all the tested compounds, while a marked depression in the formation of spontaneous lung metastasis is observed, with the exception of the sodium salt of the ortho benzensulfonic acid. The compounds showing the greatest activity on metastasis are the hydrosoluble salts of the ortho and para carboxylic acid and the para sulfonamido derivative, indicating that, in addition to the activity reported for the potassium salt of the para carboxylic acid, also its ortho isomer and the para sulfonamido derivative possess selective and pronounced antimetastatic effects. No correlation can be found between the reported effects on tumor progression and physicochemical parameters of the triazenes tested.
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PMID:Effects of isomeric aryldimethyltriazenes on Lewis lung carcinoma growth and metastases in mice. 661 6


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