Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intact female Sprague-Dawley rats (195-249 g) and rats that had been ovariectomized (210-285 g) were injected subcutaneously for 14 days with ethinyl estradiol (15 micrograms/kg), the antiestrogen LY 117018 (500 micrograms/kg), both drugs simultaneously, or the vehicle (sesame oil) alone. Livers were removed and perfused in vitro in a recycling system. The administration of LY 117018 alone did not affect the secretion of triacylglycerol by livers from normal rats but decreased the secretion of triacylglycerol by livers from ovariectomized rats. When the drugs were administered concurrently to either normal or ovariectomized animals, the increase in the concentration of triacylglycerol and the decrease in the concentration of cholesteryl esters in the plasma produced by ethinyl estradiol were prevented. When administered to either intact or ovariectomized rats, ethinyl estradiol alone stimulated the synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters by perfused livers isolated from these animals. The simultaneous administration of LY 117018 with ethinyl estradiol prevented this stimulation of the hepatic synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters. The depression of ketogenesis observed with livers from rats administered ethinyl estradiol alone was reversed by concurrent administration of LY 117018. The concurrent administration of the estrogen and antiestrogen did not result, however, in a complete blockade of the estrogen-induced elevation of hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis and depression of ketogenesis. The incorporation of [1-14C]oleic acid into the triacylglycerol and ketone bodies by livers from ovariectomized rats was less than that of livers from normal rats. It is clear that the antiestrogen antagonizes the actions of ethinyl estradiol on hepatic lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the use of the antiestrogen LY 117018 in these experiments allows the probable conclusion that the modulation of hepatic metabolism of fatty acid by estrogen is mediated by conventional estrogenic receptors.
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PMID:Effects of the antiestrogen LY 117018 on the modulation by ethinyl estradiol of the metabolism of [1-14C]oleic acid by perfused livers from normal and ovariectomized rats. 334 88

We tried to demonstrate that the cell kinetics-directed chemoendocrine therapy is more effective on hormone dependent breast cancer than empirical combination of the endocrine therapy and chemotherapy. Cell kinetics of each tumor was measured by flow cytometric analysis. Estrogen dependent human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used in vitro. In vivo, androgen dependent SC-115 carcinoma was transplanted to DDS mice. In vitro, tamoxifen was administered as the endocrine therapy. In vivo, we carried out testectomy on DDS mice. Effect of the endocrine therapy on the cell kinetics of the tumor was thought to be G1-S depression. High density 5FU was administered as the chemotherapeutic agents, whose content was 1 microgram/ml in vitro and 40 mg/kg in vivo. 5FU brought temporary decrease of cells in S phase. Only anteceding 5FU administration had synergistic effect in combination of 5FU and the endocrine therapy. 5FU was convinced to act more effectively on cells in S phase, so it was shown that cell kinetics-directed schedule was superior to the empirical treatment schedule in chemoendocrine therapy.
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PMID:[Synergistic effect of cell kinetics-directed chemo-endocrine therapy on experimental mammary tumors]. 343 37

Symptoms due to estrogen deficiency begin in the perimenopausal years and progress as serum levels of this hormone decrease Vasomotor instability, manifested by hot flushes or night sweats, may persist for several months to a few years. Psychologic symptoms include anxiety, tension, depression, insomnia, palpitations, and headaches. Atrophy of the genital epithelium may result in senile vaginitis with symptoms of irritation, burning, pruritus, dyspareunia, and even vaginal bleeding. Even the lower urinary tract mucosa is dependent upon estrogen. Postmenopausal osteoporosis affects 25 to 50% of older women and increases the risk for vertebral, hip, and other fractures. Estrogen therapy for menopausal complaints has received adverse publicity because several reports have indicated that unopposed estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Added progestogen not only negates this risk but reduces the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma in estrogen-progestogen users to less than that observed in untreated women. Estrogen replacement therapy does not increase the risk of breast cancer; the incidence of this malignancy, however, was also less in the estrogen-progestogen users when compared with either the untreated women or from that expected from the national cancer surveys. In evaluating postmenopausal women for hormone replacement, the benefits of estrogen-progestogen therapy must be weighed against possible risks.
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PMID:The menopause. 351 23

Paraballism in a 28-year old woman, associated with her 4 month intake of oral contraceptives, is described here. This constitutes only the 14th such case in the literature, and the only one in a pill user. The woman had pain in the head and neck when she first took the pill, Ovostat (1 mg lynestrenol, and 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol. Later she developed abnormal movements in the arms, neck and face. She was hospitalized in a psychiatric ward for depression, in response to the movements, and treated briefly with propanolol for palpitations. Her neurological findings were ballet-like movements of both arms, torsion movements of the neck, grimacing of the face, choreiform movements of both hands, and involuntary kicking while walking. The only other findings were an ejection murmur, and hypertrophied interventricular septum on the echocardiogram. When the pill was discontinued, the ballistic movements disappeared within days and the chorea within 2 weeks. The woman was discharged in a month with no complaints. A year later she bore her first child, with no return of abnormal movements.
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PMID:Oral contraceptive induced paraballism. 356 21

To determine the effect of a combined oral progestin on 5 tests of thyroid function, 21 parous women at least 8 weeks postpartum and with histories of regular menses were studied. A complete physical examination showed all to be normal. The 5 tests performed were radioactive iodine uptake (RAI) at 2 and 24 hours, serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), thyroxine iodine by column, triiodothyronine absorption test, and serum cholesterol. 2 baseline determinations of each test except the RAI were performed on each subject on separate days. Only euthyroid subjects were further tested. Of these 16 were given 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate in combination with .05 mg of ethinyl estradiol cyclically for 20 days. Thyroid function tests were repeated at various intervals from the end of the first week of therapy to over 4 months after starting therapy. Cholesterol and RAI determinations were extremely variable precluding any evidence of drug effect. The other 3 tests showed consistent changes in all patients studied. The serum PBI and thyrozine-iodine by column tests both showed slight elevation within the first week of therapy and further elevation 1 months thereafter. These changes approached hyperthyroidism levels. The triiodothyronine absorption test showed little change in the first week but a definite downward shift thereafter with a maximum depression at 3 months of therapy. This change reached hypothyroidism level. If test were done during the 1 week each month patients were not taking the drug, results were the same. These changes are thought to be due to the estrogen component of the contraceptive drugs. Those physicians depending on these thyroid tests for diagnosis should be aware of these changes in patients taking these drugs.
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PMID:The effect of an oral contraceptive on tests of thyroid function. 417 61

Ovostat, sold in Belgium as Pregnon 28 (1 mg lynestrenol and 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol) was taken by 146 women for up to 12 cycles without any pregnancies. The patients ranged in age from 17-51, and included 80 without and 66 with oral contraceptive experience. Pill cycles tended to have lighter and shorter flow, a 2-3 day latency period, and duration of 3-5 days in 90%. 25 incidents of amenorrhea were reported and 3 patients stopped because of spotting or breakthrough bleeding. 18 (12.3%) experienced nausea, 13 (8.9%) headache, 14 (9.6%) breast pain, and 19 (13%) depression or nervousness. 8 dropped out for drug-related reasons and 17 for personal reasons.
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PMID:[Clinical study of a new oral contraceptive: ovostat]. 458 59

The present status of oral contraceptive steroids and the IUD, the 2 most effective and increasingly popular contraceptive methods (used by 41.6% of all U.S. married couples practicing contraception in 1970), is presented. Oral steroid contraceptives with varying quantity and activity of estrogen (ethinyl estradiol or mestranol) and progestogen (norethindrone, norethynodrel, ethynodiol diacetate, or norgestrel), are of 3 types: combination, sequential, and minidose progestogen alone. The most effective contraceptive available is the combined oral pill with a pregnancy rate of less than .2 % per 100 women after 1 year. Contraceptive action is exerted primarily through inhibition of ovulation and secondarily by alterations in cervical mucus, endometrial glands, the ovary, and in the oviduct and uterine muscle. In comparison, sequential oral contraceptives are less effective with greater side effects, and should only be used in women with amenorrhea. Effects of oral contraceptives other than contraception include those on the (1) the primary targets of the female reproductive system, (2) on other endocrine oragans and (3) on the remainder of the body. In the first group, changes may include transitory stromal fibrosis in the ovary, enlarged fibromyomata, intermenstrual bleeding or amenorrhea, increased amount of cervical mucus, polypoid hyperplasia of the endocervical glands, breast tenderness, and changes in lactation. Changes in the second category which may occur affect the adrenal glands, hypothalamus, the thyroid (increased thyroid-binding globulin), and pancreas (alterations in glucose metabolism). Effects on the rest of the body may include increase in serum lipids and changed atherogenic index, abnormalities in liver function, thromboembolism (incidence in oral contraceptive users 4.4 times that in non-users), melasma, alterations in the central nervous system with increased incidence of cerebral vascular accidents, hypertension, and increased body weight. Absolute contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy include cancer of the breast and uterus, pregnancy, active liver disease, hyperlipidemia, and history of gestational diabetes, thromboembolic phenomena or coronary artery disease. Relative contraindications include depression, migraine, myomata of the uterus, hypertension, epilipsy, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. Reliable epidemiologic data on IUDs from the Cooperative Statistical Program indicated first year pregnancy rate of 2.5%. Problems with the IUD include: 1) pregnancy with device in situ, which is associated with a higher incidence of spontaneous abortion; 2) ectopic pregnancy, which is prevented at a rate of only 90% compared with intrauterine pregnancies prevented in 97-98%; and 3) expulsions (20% of which are unnoticed), the expulsion rate being higher with decreasing age and parity, higher in the first than second year of use, and higher with smaller than larger devices. A major problem is discontinuation for medical reasons (15% rate in the first year), mainly bleeding and pain. Perforation, another serious complication, occurs initially at time of insertion with an incidence of 1 per 2500 insertions for the loop. IUDs were found to produce a sterile inflammatory tissue reaction, which is postulated as the primary causative factor for their contraceptive effect in humans.
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PMID:Current status of contraceptive steroids and the intrauterine device. 459 80

The efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance of an oral contraceptive containing 150 mcg d-norgestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (150/30) were studied in 99 women who completed 754 cycles of medication between late 1971 and October 1973. 1 pregnancy occurred giving a pregnancy rate of 1.6 per 100 woman-years. This woman's previous history indicated unreliability in pill taking. The mean pretreatment length of menses was 4.9 days and during treatment, 4 days. Although intermenstrual bleeding and amenorrhea were noted in early cycles, there was a decrease in the usual incidence of headaches, nausea, vomiting, and depression. Results of the study and patients' acceptance suggest that the 150/30 combination may be used as the oral contraceptive of first choice.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of a low-dose oestrogen, low-dose progestogen combined oral contraceptive. 482 25

This general review describes the progestagens and estrogens and their combinations marketed in France, their biologic effects (on ovulation, pharmacological and hormonal effects, effects on the female reproductive organs), the mechanism of inhibiting ovulation, indications, and trivial and serious side effects. The 3 series of progestagens are 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives, 19-nor-testosterone and 3-deoxy-19-nor-testosterone derivatives; the estrogens are ethinyl estradiol and mestranol. Indications discussed here are therapeutic tests, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, polycystic ovary, amenorrhea, Stein-Levanthal syndrome, sterility, intermenstrual pain, premenstrual breast congestion, and acne. Minor side effects include vomiting, bleeding, weight gain, depression, and vaginitis. Complications mentioned are thromboembolism, virilization, cholasma, jaundice, and fibroids. Genetic and congenital defects are not more common in steroid users than in the general population; it is too early to predict whether these drugs are carcinogenic.
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PMID:[The steroids, inhibitors of ovarian function]. 574 50

Noradrenergic (alpha 1 and beta) and serotonergic (5HT1 and 5HT2) receptors were assayed in the brains of ovariectomized female rats treated for 2 weeks with estrogen, progesterone or a combination of both hormones. Estrogen treatment resulted in a decrease in the number of 5HT1 and beta adrenergic receptors, with a concomitant increase in 5HT2 receptors. Progesterone alone caused a smaller increase in 5HT2 receptors, a similar decrease in 5HT1 and had no significant effect on noradrenergic receptors. When given with estrogen, progesterone blocked the estrogen effect on 5HT2 receptors but did not inhibit the estrogen-mediated decrease in 5HT1 and beta adrenergic receptors. alpha 1 adrenergic receptors were not affected by any of the hormone treatment paradigms. beta adrenergic and 5HT2 receptors are often implicated in antidepressant action, and the modulation of these two receptor types by ovarian hormones might be relevant to hormone-linked affective changes such as premenstrual tension and post-partum depression.
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PMID:Serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors in the rat brain: modulation by chronic exposure to ovarian hormones. 618 18


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