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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of ammonium on glutamine synthetase of fodder yeast Candida tropicalis was studied. Ammonium ions were found to repress the synthesis of glutamine synthetase of fodder yeast and to inhibit the enzyme in the cells. The substitution of glutamic acid for ammonium in the nutrient medium brought about depression of glutamine synthetase.
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PMID:[Regulation of glutamine synthetase of the fodder yeast Candida tropicalis by ammonium ions]. 0 35

In rats anesthetized with methoxyflurane, phenytoin (DPH) and medazepam (MDZ) were administered iontophoretically to pyramidal and granule cells discharging spontaneously or being driven by acetylcholine or glutamic acid. The objectives were to determine if: 1) these anticonvulsant agents exert direct effects on the rates of discharge of hippocampal neurons; 2) similarities exist between responses elicited by DPH and MDZ; and 3) pyramidal and granule cells differ in their responsiveness to the drugs. The firing rates of 38% of spontaneously active neurons were reduced by iontophoretic DPH. The incidence of depression by DPH depended upon the pretest discharge rates of the cells. Only 5% of cells with spontaneous rates less than 12/sec were depressed by DPH, but 80% with rates faster than 12/sec were inhibited. MDZ depressed 79% of spontaneously firing neurons regardless of pretest discharge rate. A majority of neurons whose firing rates were facilitated by either acetylcholine or glutamate were depressed by DPH or MDZ ejected iontophoretically. Pyramidal and granule cells responded similarly to putative transmitters, but differentially to the drugs. MDZ depressed a much greater proportion of spontaneously active granule cells then DPH. Phenytoin and MDZ differed with regard to the incidence of depression of spontaneous discharges, inhibition of slow firing cells, the proportion of granule cells depressed, and the duration of effect. These differences may be due to potency and pharmacokinetic factors or dissimilar mechanisms of action when the compounds are applied directly to single neurons.
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PMID:Actions of iontophoretic phenytoin and medazepam on hippocampal neurons. 1 97

A hapten-specific unresponsive state was induced in vitro by the incubation of normal murine spleen cells with highly conjugated dinitrophenylated bovine gamma-globulin (DNP-BGG) or a dinitrophenylated copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP-D-GL) for 24 hr. After this incubation period spleen cells were washed and cultured for 4 days with the thymic-independent antigen dinitrophenylated polyacrylamide beads (DNP-PAA) or the thymic-dependent antigen trinitrophenylated burro the erythrocytes (TNP-BRBC). Preincubation with either DNP-BGG or DNP-D-GL led to a specific depression of the in vitro anti-hapten plaque-forming cell response. The degree of depression was dependent upon the concentration of the tolerogen and the duration of preincubation. The response to DNP-PAA or TNP-PAA beads was depressed to a greater degree than was the response to TNP-BRBC. The cellular basis of the immunologic unresponsiveness induced by DNP-BGG was attributable to an inhibition of B cell function whereas the unresponsive state induced with DNP-D-GL was due to both a specific inhibition of B cell function and the activation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells.
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PMID:Cellular basis for a hapten-specific state of tolerance induced in vitro. 8 Dec 28

The major allergen of ragweed pollen, antigen E, was modified by coupling its amino acid groups with either methanol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) of 5,000 daltons, or a synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DGL) of 34,000 daltons, all appropriately activated. The conjugates were characterized chemically and immunologically. Compared to the native antigen, the methoxy conjugate showed little reduction in allergenic activity, but the other two conjugates showed strong reductions, as measured by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats sensitized with murine anti-antigen E reaginic sera. The MPEG conjugate was apparently nonimmunogenic in mice known to be high responders to the native antigen. MPEG and DGL conjugates retained the immunosuppressive property of the native antigen as subcutaneous treatment of antigen E sensitized mice with these two conjugates led to significant long-lasting depression of their antigen E-specific IgE and IgG antibody levels. These immunological changes are believed to result from reduction of antigenic valency and specificity upon coupling the bulky molecules to the protein antigens.
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PMID:Immunological properties of conjugates of ragweed pollen antigen E with methoxypolyethylene glycol or a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine. 8 43

Chronic ammonia toxicity in experimental mice was induced by exposing them for 2 and 5 days to 5 % (v/v) ammonia solution. The enzymes concerned with glutamate metabolism (aspartate-, alanine- and tyrosine aminotransferases, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase) and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase were estimated in the three regions of brain (cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem) and in liver. Glutamate, aspartate, alanine, glutamine and GABA, RNA and protein were also estimated in the three regions of brain and liver. A significant rise in the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in all the three regions of brain along with a fall in the activity of alanine aminotransferase was noticed. Changes in the activities of other enzymes were also observed. A significant increase in alanine and a decrease in glutamic acid was observed while no change was observed in the content of other amino acids belonging to the glutamate family. As a result of this, changes in the ratios of glutamate/glutamine and glutamate + aspartate/GABA was observed. The results indicated that the brain was in a state of more depression and less of excitation. Under these conditions the liver tissue was showing a profound rise in the activity of the enzymes of glutamate metabolism. The results are further discussed.
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PMID:Chronic metabolic effects of ammonia in mouse brain. 9 19

The produced by microinjections of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and glutamic acid into the dorsomedial divisions of the tonsil on the food-procuring conditioned reaction of rats was studied. All of the studied substances were found to lengthen the latent time of the conditioned food reaction, the number of food-procuring movements and the scope of the reflex increasing under the effect of dopamine and serotonin, but diminishing following introduction of norepinephrine and glutamic acid. The dopamine effects materialize through the medium of the tonsil neuron receptors, which are sensitive of haloperidol or chloropromazine, and those serotnin--through D-serotonin-sensitive neuron system structures of the amygdaloid complex. The inhibitory effects of norepinephrine are not of an elective nature, for they correlate with the depression of the spontaneous motor activity of the rats. The modulating influence of glutamic acid on the food-procuring conditioned reflex reaction of the rats is not associated with the action on the dopamine, or serotonin-reactive neuron systems of the dorso-medial tonsil.
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PMID:[Pharmacological analysis of monoaminergic effects of the amygdaloid complex on the food-procuring conditioned reaction of rats]. 19 35

1. Three sequential experiments, each lasting 8 weeks, were carried out on 576 singly-caged light hybrids. 2. In experiment 1 egg production was 84% using a conventional control diet, 61% with a basal low-protein diet, and 79% with the basal diet supplemented with 10 essential amino acids+L-glutamic acid (GA). 3. In experiment 2 supplementation with lysine and methionine (L+M) alone increased egg production significantly from 54 to 72%, compared with 83% with the conventional diet. 4. In experiment 3 egg production was 55% with the basal diet, 71% with the basal diet+L+M, 75% with a diet containing 141 g protein/kg+L+M, and 73% with the conventional diet. 5. In all three experiments supplementation with GA alone either gave no significant response or a depression in production. 6. Daily intakes of 1-24 g nitrogen as non-essential amino acids and 13 to 14 g total crude protein per bird resulted in good egg production. Supplementation of the basal diet with L+M resulted in a daily intake of 413 mg methionine/bird day which was considered adequate, and a daily intake of 710 mg lysine which was considered slightly inadequate.
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PMID:Responses of laying hens to a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids, L-glutamic acid and/or intact protein. 93 60

Suspensions of human bone marrow cells were incubated with various concentrations of phenobarbitone or phenytoin sodium for 2 h, and the effects of this incubation on the subsequent incorporation of 3H-thymidine and3H-leucine into DNA and protein, respectively, were studied. Both drugs caused a depression of 3H-thymidine incorporation and this phenomenon was not prevented by the addition of 100 mug of pteroyl-glutamic acid, folinic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate per ml of marrow culture. The lowest concentration of drug which caused a statistically significant depression of 3H-thymidine incorporation was 200 mug per ml for phenobarbitone and 50 mug per ml for phenytoin sodium. Both phenobarbitone and phenytoin sodium also caused an increase in the incorporation of 3H-leucine at concentrations of 50 and 20 mug per ml, respectively, suggesting the possibility that a stimulation of protein synthesis within erythropoietic cells may play an important role in the development of anticonvulsant-induced macrocytosis.
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PMID:Effects of anticonvulsant drugs on the synthesis of DNA and protein by human bone marrow cells in vitro. 108 45

Samples of ventricular CSF were taken from 52 consecutive patients admitted for psychosurgery for intractable depression. Concentrations of asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamic acid, and serine were determined. Glutamate and aspartate concentrations, implicated in excitotoxic brain damage, were not affected by various types of psychotropic drug treatment. Serine, a modulator of glutamate responses, was significantly elevated in samples from subjects receiving antidepressants. These subjects responded poorly to the operation. Psychotropic drugs are unlikely to be neurotoxic. Nevertheless, antidepressants may influence excitatory neurotransmission.
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PMID:Effect of psychotropic drugs on excitatory amino acids in patients undergoing psychosurgery for depression. 135 Apr 94

Feeding a 13% CP diet based on corn and soybean meal and supplemented with methionine to laying hens results in reduced egg weight in comparison with hens fed a corn and soybean meal methionine-supplemented diet containing 16% CP. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the egg weight reduction could be eliminated by supplementing the low-protein diet with additional lysine, methionine, and tryptophan or by adding glycine and glutamic acid to increase the amino nitrogen to a level equivalent to 16% CP. The influence of the dietary treatments on the weight of the major egg components was also determined. In a second experiment, the influence of time of day of feeding the 13 or 16% CP diets on egg weight and egg components was determined. Adding additional amino nitrogen in the form of glycine and glutamic acid or increasing the levels of lysine, methionine, or tryptophan individually or in combination failed to prevent the depression in egg weight of hens fed the lower protein diet. Measurement of egg components demonstrated that the reduction in egg weight was primarily associated with a reduction in albumen content of the egg. Feeding a high-protein diet from 1400 to 0800 h and a low-protein diet from 0800 to 1400 h resulted in egg weight equivalent to that from hens continuously fed the high-protein diet. The lower weight of the albumen in eggs from hens fed a 13% CP diet may be due to a lower availability of amino acids for protein synthesis during the 3- to 4-h period when the ovum is in the magnum.
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PMID:Influence of protein concentration, amino acid supplementation, and daily time to access to high- or low-protein diets on egg weight and components in laying hens. 178 67


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