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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hansen's membrane manometer method for measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure was used to obtain the osmolality changes of dogs breathing different levels of CO2. Osmotic pressure was converted to osmolality by calibration of the manometer with saline and plasma, using freezing point depression osmometry. The addition of 10 vol% of CO2 to tonometered blood caused about a 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O increase of osmolality, or 1.2% increase of red blood cell volume. The swelling of the red blood cells was probably due to osmosis caused by Cl- exchanged for the HCO3- which was produced rapidly by carbonic anhydrase present in the red blood cells. The change in colloid osmotic pressure accompanying a change in co2 tension was measured on blood obtained from dogs breathing different CO2 mixtures. It was approximately 0.14 mosmol/kg H2O per Torr Pco2. The corresponding change in red cell volume could not be calculated from this because water can exchange between the plasma and tissues.
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PMID:Colloid osmotic pressure changes of dog's blood exposed to different mixtures of CO2 and air. 63 65

1. Responses of single cells in the isolated cat spinal ganglion to GABA applied by superfusion or by iontophoresis were recorded using intracellular micro-electrodes. 2. Of the twelve structurally related compounds investigated, GABA was the most effective in its ability to produce a depolarization of the cell membrane. 3. Studies determining concentration-response relationships indicate that two to three molecules of GABA are required to combine with the GABA receptor for activation. 4. Bicuculline and picrotoxin, each act in a non-competitive manner to antagonize the GABA-induced membrane current. 5. The equilibrium potential for iontophoretically induced GABA depolarizations (EGABA) was found to be -23.5 plus or minys 6.1 mV. EGABA was independent upon [cl-]o, but independent of [Na+]o, [K+], or [Ca2+]o. 6. Intracellular injection of twenty antions (Br-, I-, NO2-, NO3-, ClO4-, SCN-, Bf4-, HS-, OCN-, ClO3-, BrO3-, F-, HCO2-, HSO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, SO42-, C6H5O73-) indicated that the activated GABA receptor membrane was permeable to those anions whose hydrated diameter is no larger than that of ClO-3. 7. Restoration of the GABA depolarization to its control level after augmentation by Cl- injection had a mean time constant of 27.8 plus or minus 2.6 min. Picrotoxin did not alter this value. 8. When foreign anions were exchanged for Cl- in the perfusion solution, the ten anaions smaller or equal to ClO3-, decreased the GABA depolarization by 50-90% and increased its time course 1.5-2.0 x control. The only exception having a small radius was Br- which augmented the amplitude 10-30%. 9. The ten anions larger than ClO3- produced a biphasic effect, i.e. an initial augmentation followed by a marked (up to 100%) depression of the response. Experiments with CH3COO-, CH3SO4-, or HOCH2CH2SO3-, indicated that this depression was non-competitive.
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PMID:Characterization and ionic basis of GABA-induced depolarizations recorded in vitro from cat primary afferent neurones. 63 14

A 61-year-old man with a 5-year history of 48-hour mood swing cycles--1 day depressed, 1-day euthymic--was treated with medications in a double blind trial. Placebo had no effect on his cycles, amitriptyline lessened the amplitude of depression on "bad days" but did not effect the 48-hour periodicity, whereas lithium carbonate therapy terminated both affective symptoms and the cycle itself. After several months on lithium, the patient discontinued the drug, but neither symptoms nor cycles returned. Forty-eight-hour affective cycles are unusual, and this patient's response to lithium is particularly striking.
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PMID:The effects of amitriptyline and lithium on a patient with 48-hour recurrent depressions. 65 Feb 2

Acute alterations in plasma bicarbonate concentration have minimal effects on intracerebral pH and cerebral blood flow, perhaps due to blood-brain barrier mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, the consequences of an acute rise in the plasma bicarbonate concentration were studied in anesthetized rats previously subjected to an acute pressure pulse in the carotid system with unilateral damage to the blood-brain barrier. In rats subjected to a "heavy" hypertensive insult, the hemisphere on the side of the lesion showed a lactic acidosis, edema, and a depression of cerebral blood flow. An increase in the plasma bicarbonate concentrations of 15--20 mEq/1 during 35 minutes provoked a marked rise in the total CO2 content of this hemisphere, and a further increase in the lactate concentration, but did not later the brain edema nor affect further the already very low cerebral blood flow. An increase in the lactate concentration and a decrease of cerebral blood flow in the "reference" hemisphere indicated that the lesion was not completely unilateral. In rats subjected to a "moderate" hypertensive insult the changes were less pronounced and statistically not significant for all the parameters. There results illustrate the importance of an intact blood-brain barrier for the maintenance of intracerebral pH in the face of acute alterations in plasma [HCO3]. The impaired cerebral blood flow after an acute hypertensive insult did not appear to be influenced by the intracerebral [HCO3].
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PMID:Effect of non-respiratory alkalosis on brain tissue and cerebral blood flow in rats with damaged blood-brain barrier. 67 46

We measured plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-, phosphate, lactate, glucose, total amino acids, and total protein, and also the total (freezing point depression) osmolality and the colloid osmotic pressures. Conversion of chemically measured concentrations to osmolalities showed that unrecognized solute (s) were present in maternal (7 mM) and fetal (12 mM) plasma. Statistically reliable transplacental gradients existed only for calcium ion, phosphate, and amino acids, Ionic Na, K Mg, Cl, Ca, HCO3 and lactate were in electrochemical equilibrium at potential differences of -4.2 to +1.3 mV. Total plasma osmolalities were not significantly different in maternal and fetal plasmas in preparations in good condition, but fetal plasma osmolalities rose due to lactate secretion in asphyxiated fetuses. Colloid osmotic pressures were about 5 cmH2O higher in maternal plasmas before 45 days gestation and about 6 cmH2O higher in fetal plasmas after 60 days gestation. In the guinea pig, colloid osmotic pressures are at least as important as intravascular pressures in the regulation of transplacental water flow.
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PMID:Transplacental gradients in the guinea pig. 68 87

This study was carried out to confirm or refute the theory that IUDs need to be replaced every few years due to their breaking. Fracture and chemical composition of the deposit formed on 26 Lippes Loops after prolonged use (up to 7 years) were analyzed. The sediment consisted of calcium carbonate (77.2-83.1%), magnesium (.32-.41%), sodium (1.7-2%), and zinc (.14-.21%). The amount of sediment increased the longer the IUD was in the uterus without a change in chemical composition. The length of time in use also caused an increase in rigidity, a decrease in flexibility, and a decrease in the structural thickness of the IUD. After 1 year of use a pressure of 75 kg would only cause a depression while an IUD which had been in use for 5.5 years would break under a pressure of 25 kg. It is concluded that the current medical opinion stating that IUDs should be replaced every few years is a valid theory.
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PMID:Fracture and chemical composition of the deposit formed on the Lippes loop after prolonged use. 69 52

A review of all properly controlled studies clearly indicates that lithium carbonate is prophylactic for mania in bipolar patients; it is suggestive of prophylaxis for depression in both bipolar and unipolar patients. Studies are outlined that would clarify lithium carbonate's prophylactic effect for depression in these two patient groups. Continuation therapy with antidepressants reduces incidences of recurrence in unipolar depressives. The only controlled study indicates that tricyclic antidepressants may have prophylactic effect in unipolar patients. This finding needs confirmation. Data are insufficient for conclusions on prophylactic treatment for schizoaffective disorders.
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PMID:Prophylaxis of affective disorders. Current status of knowledge. 76 24

Five healthy rhesus monkeys were ventilated with intermittent mandatory ventilation and 20 torr positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) for 8 hours. PEEP was increased to 25 torr and the monkeys were ventilated for 4 more hours. Lactated Ringer's solution and human salt-poor albumin were used to expand plasma and extracellular fluid volume throughout the entire period of study. Homologous blood was administered to maintain hematocrit at control levels and maintenance fluids were infused to maintain transmural pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at 5 to 15 torr. Although cardiac output, mean aortic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, venous admixture, transmural pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, HCO3- and in-vivo base excess were not changed when intermittent mandatory ventilation was employed, cardiac output and blood pressure were significantly depressed by brief periods of controlled mechanical ventilation when alternated with intermittent mandatory ventilation. Sporadic increases in arterial-venous oxygen content difference occurred. Arterial carbon dioxide tension was elevated moderately, with a concomitant depression of arterial pH. No pneumothorax occurred. High PEEP was well tolerated with intermittent manditory ventilation, intravascular volume expansion, and careful cardiovascular monitoring.
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PMID:Cardiorespiratory effects of high positive end-expiratory pressure. 81 Nov 32

Two groups of depressed subjects, one with a history of recurrent depression, the other with a history of persistent apathy, were given lithium carbonate 1,200 mg q.i.d. and supplementart potassium 1,200 mg t.d.s. for 1 week. Measurements were made before and after the lithium treatment of total body water (tritium space), extracellular fluid (sulphate space), total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total exchangeable potassium (Ke) using sodium-24 and potassium-42 multiple isotope dilution techniques. Prior to treatment when compared with a group of normal subjects, both depressed groups showed changes in body fluid volumes and electrolyte levels. Total body water, intracellular fluid and intracellular potassium were lowered, while electrolyte levels. Total body water, intracellular fluid and intracellular potassium were lowered, while intracellular sodium was raised. After treatment with lithium the values in the apathetic group showed little change but the group with recurrent depression showed a significant increase in intracellular fluid (p less than 0.025), Ke (p less than 0.001), intracellular potassium (p less than 0.025) and a significant decrease in Nae (p less than 0.05). There was a marked increase in mood in the group with recurrent depression but not in the apathetic group following lithium treatment. These findings suggest that recurrent depression, both in clinical improvement, mood and also correction of water and also correction of water and electrolyte disturbances arise, but not in patients with long-standing apathy.
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PMID:Lithium in depression: a biochemical study. 83 Feb 57

The effects of lithium carbonate on the responses to five neuromuscular blocking agents were evaluated in dogs anesthetized with halothane (1 per cent) and N2O (60 per cent) in O2. Latency (time from first twitch-height depression to maximal blockade), maximal twitch-height depression, and times to return to 50 per cent and 100 per cent control twitch tension were measured before and after intravenous infusion of lithium carbonate (1 mg/kg/min for one hour) during neuromuscular blockades produced by succinylcholine, decamethonium, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, or pancuronium. Lithium prolonged the latencies of neuromuscular blockades produced by 0.1 mg/kg succinylcholine and 0.1 mg/kg decamethonium by 248.1 per cent and 49.0 per cent, respectively, but had no effect on latency produced by 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium. The times for return to 50 per cent of control twitch height were prolonged by 69.5, 40.0, and 120.1 per cent, respectively. Lithium had no effect on latency or duration of blockades produced by 0.15 mg/kg d-tubocurarine and 0.6 mg/kg gallamine, but enhanced maximal twitch-height depressions produced by 0.9 mg/kg gallamine and 0.02 mg/kg pancuronium by 22.9 and 9.9 per cent, respectively. Twitch tensions decreased 5-10 per cent over three hours in three dogs receiving lithium infusion without relaxants. Twitch tension was depressed 0-2 per cent in three dogs after five hours of anesthesia in the absence of lithium or relaxants. Lithium prolonged the time required for neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium in two of three dogs from a mean of 60 seconds to 135 seconds.
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PMID:Lithium carbonate and neuromuscular blocking agents. 83 45


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