Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twelve children with severe chronic behavior disorders who benefited from treated with lithium carbonate over an extended period of time (6 to 33 months) are described. Behavioral features common to all included hostility, aggressiveness, and distractibility. Nine had cyclic mood swings, with periods of withdrawal and periods of manic excitement; six of these had neurovegetative disorders. These nine children may have manic-depressive disease of childhood. Three children had no cyclic symptoms, though their hostile and aggressive behavior was similar to that of the cyclic group; they responded similarly to lithium. Family histories were strongly positive for manic-depressive disease, depression, and alcoholism. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in four patients supported the specific behavioral effect of lithium.
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PMID:Lithium carbonate treatment of select behavior disorders in children suggesting manic-depressive illness. 35 72

Psychiatric research has made remarkable advances in understanding the pathophysiology of depressive illnesses. Biologic depressions are now understood as neurotransmitter deficiency diseases. Certain forms of depression are treated with tricyclic antidepressant drugs, which increase the amount of available neurotransmitters. Complicating the clinical picture, however, is the problem of wide variability of levels of tricyclic drugs in the plasma of persons receiving the same dosage. Another problem is the apparent linear dose-response relationship of imipramine hydrochloride and its sister compound desipramine hydrochloride while amitriptyline and nortriptyline follow an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. However, with newer, more sophisticated diagnostic methods, combined with monitoring of tricyclic drug levels in plasma, therapeutic efficacy can approach 90 percent. Available neurotransmitters also can be increased using monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Although MAO inhibitors have been less popular than the tricyclic drugs, recent clinical research tends to support their efficacy. Distinct individual differences in the rate of metabolism of MAO inhibitors have been found. New methods are being devised to detect these differences and monitor directly the effects of these drugs. One of these methods, platelet MAO inhibition, shows some clinical promise. Tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors have recently been joined by lithium carbonate, which shows notable efficacy in removing acute manic-depressive symptoms as well as preventing their return during maintenance treatment. Its utility in treating cyclic depressions without mania is now being explored by researchers.
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PMID:Recent advances in antidepressant drug treatment. 39 Aug 88

Although the FDA recommends imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) only for temporary relief of symptoms of enuresis nocturna (EN), the drug has been applied to a number of other pediatric situations, including the Hyperkinetic Syndrome (HS), childhood depression, somnambulism and pavor nocturnus, school phobia, petit mal epilepsy, allergies, autism, encorpresis and head-banging. We have reviewed the literature, with particular attention to the pharmacokinetics of IMI in children, and its putative mechanisms of action. The drug probably works through a number of different actions, and the futher delineation of these will be of considerable heuristic value. We review the toxic effects of IMI treatment and IMI poisoning in children, and the pediatric literature concerning other antidepressant drugs and lithium carbonate (Li).
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PMID:Imipramine and children: a review and some speculations about the mechanism of drug action. 40 23

Plasma and erythrocyte cations (sodium and magnesium) were studied in groups of patients with an affective disorder and in normal subjects. Baseline determinations were obtained before initiation of treatment for mania or depression. In a subgroup of patients, sequential measurements of cations were made during treatment with lithium carbonate. No differences were found in intraerythrocyte sodium or magnesium among any of the patient groups and controls. Patients with a primary affective disorder had significantly higher plasma sodium than control subjects. Neither baseline cation concentrations nor changes in cation concentration during treatment with lithium correlated with treatment response. Gender was shown to be a significant variable affecting intraerythrocyte cation concentrations.
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PMID:Plasma and erythrocyte cations in affective illness. 43 92

Maintenance tricyclic antidepressants induced rapid cycling between mania and depression in five female bipolar (manic-depressive) patients. Lithium carbonate did not prevent the tricyclic-induced rapid cycling, although two patients subsequently responded well to lithium carbonate alone. In these patients, the action of tricyclics can be conceptualized as accelerating rather than counteracting the natural, cyclic course of the illness in all of its phases. In this respect, tricyclics are analogous to several other drugs that are capable of modulating the frequency of oscillatory biological processes.
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PMID:Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. 43 15

The authors describe a series of patients with organic brain syndrome who showed a dramatic clinical response to lithium carbonate therapy. None of the patients had been diagnosed as manic-depressive. Most had extensive psychiatric treatment experiences and had been given both affective and cognitive diagnoses. Six of the eight patients also qualified for the diagnosis of alcoholism. They had been treated with a wide variety of psychotherapeutic medications. Lithium was found to be rapidly and dramatically effective in patients with static lesions of the central nervous system who showed a combination of dementia and agitated depression.
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PMID:Cognitive and affective responses to lithium in patients with organic brain syndrome. 44 63

In the last two decades, there has been rapid progress in the pharmacologic treatment of affective disorders. In Part I of this review, drugs mainly used for depression (tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors) were discussed. Here, lithium carbonate, the most effective drug for manic-depressive illness (bipolar depression) is the focus. Its indications, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, dosage, and side effects are discussed. A section on drug interactions with lithium deals with the combination effect of lithium used with antidepressant and other psychotropic agents.
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PMID:Series on pharmacology in practice. 1. Drugs that alter mood. II. Lithium. 44 9

Patients with racing thoughts and depression may have atypical features that suggest a schizophrenic or borderline state and make diagnosis problematic; clinical management may be difficult because of failure to respond to standard treatments. These patients may have variants of affective illness; and may respond favorably to lithium carbonate.
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PMID:Racing thoughts in depressed patients. 46 57

To devise a system of classifying depression subtypes at intake, the authors administered the Kupfer Detre Scale (KDS-3A) to depressed outpatients at intake and after one, three, and six months of treatment with tricyclic antidepressants or lithium carbonate. None of the 10 tricyclic responders scored below 8 on the 14-point chronic anxiety scale at intake while 7 of the 12 lithium responders did, suggesting that any patient scoring below 8 is a probable candidate for lithium therapy. Patients scoring 8 or above on the chronic anxiety scale fell into two categories, those who had a low impulisivity score and responded to tricyclic antidepressants and those who had a high impulsivity score, responded to lithium, and had cyclothymic disorder or emotionally unstable character disorder.
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PMID:Subtypes of depression identified by the KDS-3A: a pilot study. 49 93

1. Bicarbonate transport across human red cell membranes was studied between 0 and 10 degrees C at alkaline pH values by determining the efflux of 14C-labelled bicarbonate from resealed erythrocyte ghosts. Transfer of labelled CO2 was eliminated as a source of error, when formation of intracellular 14CO2 was inhibited with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The study showed that there are no fundamental differences between the characteristics of bicarbonate and of chloride self-exchange as has been inferred from previous studies of chloride-bicarbonate exchange. 2. Efflux of radioactivity could be reduced more than 99% by reversible and irreversible inhibitors of anion transport. Inhibition of both chloride and bicarbonate self-exchange was linearly related to the binding of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) to the membranes. Complete (i.e. greater than 99%) inhibition was obtained after binding of 1.2 x 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell. 3. Bicarbonate self-exchange proved a saturable function of bicarbonate concentration, with a maximum at external and internal concentrations of approximately 100 mM, showing self-depression at higher bicarbonate concentrations, and half-maximum exchange flux at a concentration of 10 mM. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the exchange mechanism has two anion binding sites, one mediating ion transport and the other causing transport inhibition. 4. Maximum exchange flux of bicarbonate was about 30% larger thant that of chloride, and the affinity of bicarbonate for the transport site was about three times larger than that of chloride. The apparent activation energy of bicarbonate exchange was 28 kcal/mole, the same order of magnitude as found for other inorganic anions between 0 and 10 degrees C. 5. The ability of other inorganic anions to exchange with bicarbonate decreased in the sequence Cl greater than NO3 greater than F greater than Br greater than or equal to I, corresponding to the sequence of the rate of self-exchange of halides. 6. Counter-transport of bicarbonate could be driven by a chloride gradient, when ghosts containing KCl were suspended in a medium containing traces of labelled bicarbonate in addition to a non-permeating anion. Concentration ratios (ci/co) up to about 1000 could be obtained. 7. It is concluded that bicarbonate is transported by the inorganic anion exchange mechanism of the erythrocyte membrane. The slight differences between the exchange kinetics of chloride and bicarbonate were explained by differing affinities of the two anions for the two anion binding sites of the transport system.
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PMID:Bicarbonate exchange through the human red cell membrane determined with [14C] bicarbonate. 51 56


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