Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Renal reabsorption of bicarbonate was studied in Merino ewes during carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Bicarbonate reabsorption was directly proportional to plasma bicarbonate concentration. No tubular maximum for bicarbonate was demonstrated. Elevation of arterial PCO2 or depression of arterial pH caused slight increases in bicarbonate reabsorption. The data suggest that bicarbonate is reabsorbed by 2 distinct processes. The quantitatively more significant process may involve ionic reabsorption of bicarbonate secondary to Na+ reabsorption and a relatively minor part of bicarbonate reabsorption may be secondary to H+ secretion.
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PMID:The effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on bicarbonate reabsorption. 0 67

The chorontropic response of isolated rabbit atria in normal Tyrode's medium increases monotonically with increasing doses of histamine (9 X 10-7 -9 X 10-4 M). Plots of the inverse of response against the inverse of concentration were linear; and from these plots were derived values fro the theoretical maximum response at 'infinite' dose and for pH histamine concentration required to evoke a half maximum response. Alteration of pH by changing (HCO3-) at a constant pCO2, (Na) and osolality did not appreciably affect the response to histamine in the range pH 7.0-7.6. However, at pH below 7.0 the magnitude of histamine response was reduced at all concentrations of histamine tested. In the pH range 7.0-7.6, additions of NaHCO3 at constant pCO2 increased the spontaneous rate of rabbit atria (in the absence of histamine); however, there was little effect of changing pH (in this range) by altering (HCO3-) at constant pCO2 when (Na+) and osmolaity were kept constant. Immersion in solutions at pH's less than 7.0 led to decline in spontaneous rate and force contraction. It is probable that depression of adenyl cyclase activity rather than a specific change in ionization of histamine receptor is responsible for a decreased response to histamine at pH 6.9.
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PMID:The effect of pH on rabbit atrial response to histamine. 0 37

Neuron cell bodies of Helix pomatia were voltage-clamped with a 300-millisecond depolarizing test pulse (pulse II) delivered I second after a depolarizing conditioning pulse (pulse I). The outward current, measured 200 milliseconds after the onset of pulse. II, exhibited a strong depression that was dependent on the presence of pulse. I. The maximum depression of the pulse II outward current occurred when pulse I voltages lay in the range over which calcium influx is inferred to be greatest; depression of the pulse II current subsided as pulse I potentials approached the putative calcium equilibrium potential. In the presence of extracellular [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or D600, the intensity of the pulse II current became largely independent of pulse I, approaching the values of maximal depression seen in normal Ringer solution. On the other hand, lowering the intracellular pH with extracellular carbon dioxide-carbonate buffer had no measurable effect on the outward currents. Other experiments showed that it is primarily the calcium-dependent, outward-current hump of the N-shaped late current-voltage curve that is depressed by presentation of the conditioning pulse. It was concluded that distinct from an early potassium-activating role, calcium entering during a depolarization leads, during a subsequent depolarization, to a depression of the calcium-activated potassium system that persists for many seconds.
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PMID:Calcium-dependent depression of a late outward current in snail neurons. 1 21

Intermittent hyperthyreosis occurs under various forms of stress, especially heat stress. The clinician may diagnose such cases as masked or apathetic hyperthyroidism or "forme fruste" hyperthyreosis or thyroid autonomy. As most routine and standard tests may here yield inconsistent results, it is the patients' anamnesis which may provide the clue. Our Bioclimatology Unit has now seen over 100 cases in which thyroid hypersensitivity towards heat was the most prominent syndrome: 10-15% of weather-sensitive patients are affected. The patients complain before or during heat spells of such contradictory symptoms as insomnia, irritability, tension, tachycardia, palpitations, precordial pain, dyspnoe, flushes with sweating or chills, tremor, abdominal pain or diarrhea, polyuria or pollakisuria, weight loss in spite of ravenous appetite, fatigue, exhaustion, depression, adynamia, lack of concentration and confusion. Determination of urinary neurohormones allows a differential diagnosis, intermittent hyperthyreosis being characterized by three cardinal symptoms: 1. tachycardia -- every case with more than 80 pulse beats being suspect (not specific); 2. urinary histamine -- every case excreting more than 90 mug/day being suspect. Again the drawback of this test is its lack of specificity, as histamine may also be increased in cases of allergy and spondylitis; 3. urinary thyroxine -- every case excreting more than 20 mug/day T-4 being suspect. This is the only specific test. Therapy should make use of lithium carbonate and beta-blockers. Propyl thiouracil is rarely required.
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PMID:Intermittent hyperthyreosis -- a heat stress syndrome. 5 84

In the first phase of treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia in children (ALL) with aggresive cytostatic protocols, the doctor is, in some patients, forced to modify the antitumor therapy over a certain period of time because of bone marrow depression. The authors attempted to pull patients with ALL through this critical phase of the disease - by administering "profilactically" Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) ( in order to stimulate granulopoiesis) or, if anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia had already occurred, by administering concentrates of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets - without discontinuing the administration of cytostatics. The results of these attempts are reported.
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PMID:[Treatment of bone marrow aplasia in phase I of acute lymphatic leukemia treatment in children]. 12 57

Six patients with a family history of Huntington's chorea (HC) participated in a double blind crossover trial involving four treatments--lithium carbonate, haloperidol, lithium carbonate and haloperidol, and placebo. Each treatment was administered for three weeks and, at the end of each treatment period, assessments were made of chorea and a number of psychological variables. None of the treatments significantly affected chorea measurements. With regard to the psychological variables, the levels of irritability, the frequency of angry outbursts and depression did appear to be affected in some patients by the treatment. Three patients improved on a combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol while the remaining three did not. Haloperidol alone significantly raised depression ratings above levels for other treatments including placebo. It is suggested that lithium carbonate and haloperidol together should be seriously considered in the treatment of HC when patients are excessively irritable and impulsive.
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PMID:A double blind trial of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in Huntington's chorea. 12 78

Several trivalent cations, including lanthanum (La3+), inhibited the secretion (enterosorption) induced by the enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in the rabbit ileum in vivo. High concentrations (greater than 10 mM) of La3+ were required to inhibit cholera enterotoxin (CE)-induced enterosorption, probably because of the adsorption of the La3+ often potentiated the CE-induced enterosorption. If luminal La3+ exposure followed CE exposure, some recovery of the enterosorptive response was observed. The longer the lag between the CE exposure and the La3+ exposure, the greater was the recovery of the enterosorptive response. Lanthanum inhibited HCO3- secretion more than Cl- secretion. By altering the luminal fluid pH at the time of La3+ exposure, it was found that La3+ was adsorbed to negatively charged luminal sites, having an apparent pK between 2.5 and 3.0. Although La3+ antagonized the enterosorptive response to CE, it mimicked rather than antagonized the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate elevation and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate depression induced by the toxin. It is therefore concluded that the La3+ inhibition of the CE-induced enterosorption must have occurred at a site following the generation of the cyclic nucleotides. Cholera enterotoxin caused complex time-dependent changes in the mucosal cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels, as revealed by studying tissue cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate ratios. The possible roles these two cyclic nucleotides may play in the pathogenesis of the cholera diarrhea are discussed.
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PMID:Lanthanum inhibition of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxin-induced enterosorption and its effects on intestinal mucosa cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels. 16 10

The effects on intestinal transport of either a semipurified preparation of enterotoxin elaborated by Klebsiella pneumoniae or similaryly prepared control material were tested by marker perfusion studies in the small intestine of rats. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, the enterotoxin produced net secretion of water, Na, and Cl in both jejunal and ileal segments; HCO3 transport was not affected. Net secretion was evident within 30 min after intorduction of the toxin and was maximal after 90 min. The addition of 56 mM glucose to the enterotoxin-containing perfusion fluid resulted in reversal of water and Na transport to net absorption in both intestinal segments. The enterotoxin also produced a significant depression of xylose absorption in both the jejunum and ileum but did not affect the absorption of either glucose or L-leucine. Intestinal structure was not altered after perfusion of the toxin but insillation of approximately one-quarter of the total perfusion dose into a ligated jejunal loop for 18 h produced fluid secretion and structural abnormalities. These observations confirm the fact that other species of coliform bacteria in addition to tescherichia coli are capable of elaborating an enterotoxin. Such species commonly contaminate the small intestine of persons with tropical sprue and it is suggested that chronic exposure of the intestinal mucosa to the enterotoxin elaborated by these bacteria may be a factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal abnormalities in thid disorder.
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PMID:Effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae enterotoxin on intestinal transport in the rat. 16 97

The authors found that in a sample of 26 severely depressed hospitalized patients, 5 patients with low depression and psychasthenia profiles on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory did not show an antidepressant response to lithium carbonate. Seventeen of 21 depressed patients with high depression and psychasthenia profiles did respond to the antidepressant effects of the drug. They tentatively conclue that by using the MMPI it is possible to delineate a subgroup of depressed patients who are refractory to lithium carbonate therapy.
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PMID:MMPI delineation of a subgroup of depressed patients refractory to lithium carbonate therapy. 23 49

Lithium carbonate has established itself as an effective therapeutic agent in primary affective disorders. As not all the patients with primary affective disorders respond to lithium therapy, it is necessary to identify responders prior to treatment. The important indicators of favourable lithium response include a definitive diagnosis of primary affective disorder, occurrence of less than four episodes of mania and depression within one year, psychotic features during both manic as well as depressive episodes, "grandiose-elated" picture during manic episodes; a family history of bipolar illness and response of affected family members to lithium treatment. While those with more than four episodes are not likely to respond to lithium therapy, those with episodes less frequent than once a year or two may not need prophylactic lithium. Among the depressed, hypersomnic depressed patients respond to lithium combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In addition to clinical predictors of response to lithium treatment, there are a number of pharmacokinetic, neurophysiological and biochemical indices which have been employed as supplementary predictors of response to lithium therapy.
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PMID:Prediction of lithium response in affective disorders. 34 5


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