Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many studies have reported the effectiveness of antidepressants in patients with so-called "anxious depression". This is the first report aimed at studying the beneficial therapeutic effects of fluoxetine alone on anxiety dimension in first episode drug naive patients suffering from DSM-IV major depression (MDD) and double depression (DD). Twenty-two outpatients (11 women and 11 men) were recruited in a University clinic for the treatment of a first episode pure MDD (n = 13) or DD (n = 9). All of the patients were drug naive, had Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and Anxiety (HRSA) scores > or = 15, and were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-Patient edition. Fluoxetine alone (20 mg daily) was used in an attempt to treat depression with comorbid anxiety symptoms. A series of clinical- and self-rating scales (i.e., HRSD, HRSA, Beck Depression Inventory, and Stait Trait Anxiety Inventory) were used to measure the psychopathology at day 0, and every 10 days until day 50. In the whole group, there were statistically significant changes, starting from the baseline, in depression and anxiety symptoms after 10 days of treatment. Self evaluated anxiety, however, improved after 20 days. Furthermore, at day 50, the patients with comorbid DD experienced a major improvement (diminished anxiety symptoms) compared to pure MDD patients. This open study suggests that depression and anxiety symptoms in first-episode drug-naive patients with anxious depression diminished very quickly with fluoxetine.
 ...
PMID:Fluoxetine alone in the treatment of first episode anxious-depression: an open clinical trial. 1200 96

During hibernation, animals undergo metabolic changes that result in reduced utilization of glucose and oxygen. Fat is known to be the preferential source of energy for hibernating animals. Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) is an end product of fatty acid oxidation, and is generally used as an index of lipid peroxidation. We report here that peroxidation of lipids is increased in the plasma and in the membranes of red blood cells in black bears during hibernation. The plasma MDA content was about four fold higher during hibernation as compared to that during the active, non-hibernating state (P < 0.0001). Similarly, MDA content of erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased during hibernation (P < 0.025). The activity of Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane was significantly decreased in the hibernating state as compared to the active state. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was also decreased, though not significant, during hibernation. These results suggest that during hibernation, the bears are under increased oxidative stress, and have reduced activities of membrane-bound enzymes such as Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-ATPase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. These changes can be considered part of the adaptive for survival process of metabolic depression.
 ...
PMID:Increased oxidative stress and decreased activities of Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-ATPase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in the red blood cells of the hibernating black bear. 1203 85

Causes of cognitive impairment after stroke are not yet clear because a large number of sociodemographic and clinical variables complicate the understanding of the phenomenon. We aim to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical predictors of cognitive level and depression in subjects with different lesion laterality. We assessed 153 right (n = 87) and left (n = 66) unilateral first-ever stroke patients within the first year of illness with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-Patient Edition, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Barthel Index, and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Sociodemographic variables were also measured. Sixty-two (41 %) patients suffered from Major Depression (MDD), and 26 (17 %) suffered from Minor Depression (MIND). An univariate analysis of variance showed that MMSE scores were different throughout the groups of left and right stroke patients with MDD, MIND and without depression. Left stroke patients with MDD were more cognitively impaired than all the other groups. This result was valid after controlling for the effect of lesion location on cognitive level difference between the groups. A series of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that depression severity was a predictor of cognitive level and vice-versa in left hemispheric stroke patients only. Moreover, educational level in right hemispheric stroke patients and state-anger and number of regions affected in left hemispheric stroke patients were other predictors of cognitive level. The study confirms the hypothesis that predictors of cognitive level and depression severity are different in subjects with different laterality of lesion and that MDD is associated with cognitive impairment in left stroke patients.
 ...
PMID:Predictors of cognitive level and depression severity are different in patients with left and right hemispheric stroke within the first year of illness. 1242 95

Scientific evidence has accumulated during the last 15 years establishing that SD symptoms have a high prevalence in the general population and in clinically depressed patient cohorts studied cross-sectionally or followed longitudinally. The clinical relevance and public health importance of SD symptoms were confirmed when various investigators, including the authors' group at University of California, San Diego, found that SD symptoms are associated with a significant and pervasive impairment of psychosocial function when compared to no depressive symptoms. There is strong evidence that all levels of depressive symptom severity of unipolar MDD are associated with significant psychosocial impairment, which increases significantly and linearly with each increment in level of symptom severity. It is only when MDD patients are completely symptom free that psychosocial function returns to good or very good levels. The disability associated with depression is state dependent, and disability returns to good or normal levels only when all of the depressed patients' symptoms abate, because disability is present when even a few symptoms (i.e., SD symptoms) are detected. There is strong evidence during the long-term course of illness that major, minor, dysthymic, and subsyndromal symptoms wax and wane within the same patient and that these symptomatic periods are interspersed in the overall course with times when patients are remitted and symptom free. The modal longitudinal symptom status of MDD patients involves primarily subthreshold depressive symptoms, which are much more common than symptoms at the syndromal MDE level. The longitudinal systematic examination of the clinical relevance and high prevalence of SD symptoms helped establish the fact that the long-term symptomatic expression of MDD is dimensional, not categorical, in nature. Abatement of SD symptoms is of fundamental importance in defining full remission or recovery of MDEs. Ongoing residual SD symptoms during the recovery periods after an MDE are associated with psychosocial disability, more rapid MDE relapse, and a more severe chronic future course of illness, all of which indicate that when residual SD symptoms are present the MDE has not fully remitted and the disease is still active. When all depressive symptoms of an MDE abate for a minimum of 8 weeks, then full remission has been achieved. MDE remission defined in this way is associated with significant delay or even prevention of future episode relapse and a less severe, relapsing, and chronic future course. The authors submit that the research reviewed in this article heralds a new paradigm in understanding the progression of clinical depression through various overlapping stages of severity, which begin at the seemingly "subclinical" level of depressive symptoms. This conceptualization in turn dictates a public health approach, which emphasizes that treatment of MDD even at the deceptively mild levels of symptoms should be initiated or maintained.
 ...
PMID:The prevalence, clinical relevance, and public health significance of subthreshold depressions. 1246 55

This study prospectively examined predicting factors and depressive antecedents of depression in early adulthood and determined differences by sex. 199 adolescents aged 11-12 from the general community were followed up annually for 4 years and reassessed at 18 years of age. Sociodemographic data, depressive symptomatology, anxiety level, personality dimensions, self-esteem, academic aptitude and pubertal development were reported throughout this period and tested as possible risk variables of depression. At 18, depression was diagnosed using ICD-10 criteria. Of the cases of major depression (MDD) at eighteen, 30% had been diagnosed as MDD between 12 and 14 years of age. Of the cases of MDD at eighteen, 80% had had depressive symptomatology between the ages of 11 and 14. Subclinical scores in the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were early indicators of long-term risk. Gender differences were found in the risk pattern; depressive symptoms were more significant in girls than in boys. In boys, early anxious symptomatology was a significant predictor. This study reports cross-cultural data that support a continuity of depression from adolescence to young adulthood.
 ...
PMID:Predictors of depression at eighteen. A 7-year follow-up study in a Spanish nonclinical population. 1246 40

The first step in initiating treatment is to establish the diagnosis, confirming MDD and being careful to rule out BPAD and comorbid anxiety or substance abuse/dependence disorders. Consideration should be given to the pathophysiology of the MDD, recognizing that current technology does not allow its identification in an individual patient. The pathophysiology must be considered in the selection of initial treatment; if an initial treatment has failed, treatment with a medication that has a different or expanded mechanism of action should be considered. Clinicians must also consider the importance of psychotherapy, where indicated, and listen to the feedback of their patients, tempering it with a measure of objectivity. Finally, clinicians must constantly query themselves as to whether there has been sufficient improvement in their patients with depression. It is the willingness to be appropriately aggressive in treating MDD that will ensure a timely, optimal outcome for their patients.
 ...
PMID:Remission as the goal of treatment in major depressive disorder. 1264 6

Because a history of depression has been hypothesized to affect cessation efforts and may be particularly problematic for women concerned about weight gain, we sought to document the prevalence of depression history among weight-concerned women smokers and evaluate its effect on treatment outcome. We also evaluated the impact of baseline depressive symptoms and cessation-related changes in symptoms. Women (N = 219) were classified as depression history positive (Major Depressive Disorder [MDD]) (MDD+) or negative (MDD-) according to responses on the Inventory to Diagnose Depression-Lifetime Version. All women received a group-based smoking cessation treatment. Women provided expired-air carbon monoxide samples, completed measures of depressive symptoms, and were weighed at pretreatment and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after quitting. Fifty-two per cent (n = 115) reported a lifetime history of major depressive disorder. Although MDD+ women were significantly more nicotine dependent, rates of continuous abstinence did not differ between MDD+ and MDD- women. However, MDD+ women were more likely to drop out of treatment prior to quitting. Additionally, depressive symptoms were associated with abstinence irrespective of depression history. Women who reported an increase in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-treatment were significantly less likely to be abstinent post-treatment, suggesting that depressive symptoms are more predictive of outcome than is previous disorder. Moreover, because of the prevalence of depression history among this subgroup of women smokers and its impact on early attrition, additional engagement and retention strategies may be useful.
 ...
PMID:A history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes among women concerned about post-cessation weight gain. 1274 8

Oxidative and reductive mechanisms are important in Wilson's disease. In this study, we sought to evaluate tissue levels of glutathione and cysteine, an important detoxification system, and of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipoperoxidation, in patients with Wilson's disease receiving penicillamine or zinc treatment, in comparison with patients with chronic liver disease of different origin. Concentrations of cysteine, reduced/oxidized glutathione, malondialdehyde, zinc, and copper were determined (with the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography, fluorimetry and atomic-absorption spectrophotometry) in liver-biopsy specimens from 24 patients with Wilson's disease (18 treated with zinc, 6 with penicillamine), 34 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and 10 patients with alcoholic liver disease. In patients with Wilson's disease, the concentration of reduced glutathione was lower than that in patients with viral hepatitis and as high as that in subjects with alcoholic liver damage. The cysteine level was significantly lower than those in the control groups, and the percentage of oxidized glutathione/total glutathione was higher than that in viral or alcoholic disease. Malondialdehyde levels were low, but when zinc- and penicillamine-treated patients were considered separately, only the former had low malondialdehyde levels. Zinc-treated patients had higher concentrations of reduced glutathione and a lower percentage of oxidized glutathione. In summary, patients with Wilson's disease have relevant glutathione depression, with low levels of reduced glutathione and cysteine and high concentrations of oxidized glutathione: This is prevented by zinc administration, which inhibits lipid peroxidation and increases glutathione availability.
 ...
PMID:Zinc treatment prevents lipid peroxidation and increases glutathione availability in Wilson's disease. 1281 34

Chronic alcohol abuse is often co-morbid with depression symptoms and in many cases it appears to induce major depressive disorder. Structural and functional neuroimaging has provided evidence supporting some degree of neuropathological convergence of alcoholism and mood disorders. In order to understand the cellular neuropathology of alcohol dependence and mood disorders, postmortem morphometric studies have tested the possibility of alterations in the number and size of cells in the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions. The present review compares the cell pathology in the prefrontal cortex between alcohol dependence and depression, and reveals both similarities and differences. One of the most striking similarities is that, although pathology affects both neuronal and glial cells, effects on glia are more dramatic than on neurons in both alcohol dependence comorbid with depression and idiopathic depression. Moreover, prefrontal cortical regions are commonly affected in both depression and alcoholism. However, the cellular changes are more prominent and spread across cortical layers in alcohol dependent subjects than in subjects with mood disorders, and changes in glial nucleus size are opposite in alcoholism and depression. It could be argued that one defining factor in the manifestation of the depressive pathology is a reduction in the glial distribution in the dlPFC that is reflected in a reduced glial density. In alcoholism reduced glial nuclear size might be related to the cytotoxic effects of prolonged alcohol exposure, while in MDD, in the absence of alcohol abuse, other processes might be responsible for the increase in average size of glial nuclei. In either case abnormal function related to glial reduction would be associated with depression due to insufficient glial support to the surrounding neurons.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of prefrontal cell pathology between depression and alcohol dependence. 1284 33

Weekly affective symptom severity and polarity were compared in 135 bipolar I (BP I) and 71 bipolar II (BP II) patients during up to 20 yr of prospective symptomatic follow-up. The course of BP I and BP II was chronic; patients were symptomatic approximately half of all follow-up weeks (BP I 46.6% and BP II 55.8% of weeks). Most bipolar disorder research has concentrated on episodes of MDD and mania and yet minor and subsyndromal symptoms are three times more common during the long-term course. Weeks with depressive symptoms predominated over manichypomanic symptoms in both disorders (31) in BP I and BP II at 371 in a largely depressive course (depressive symptoms=59.1% of weeks vs. hypomanic=1.9% of weeks). BP I patients had more weeks of cyclingmixed polarity, hypomanic and subsyndromal hypomanic symptoms. Weekly symptom severity and polarity fluctuated frequently within the same bipolar patient, in which the longitudinal symptomatic expression of BP I and BP II is dimensional in nature involving all levels of affective symptom severity of mania and depression. Although BP I is more severe, BP II with its intensely chronic depressive features is not simply the lesser of the bipolar disorders; it is also a serious illness, more so than previously thought (for instance, as described in DSM-IV and ICP-10). It is likely that this conventional view is the reason why BP II patients were prescribed pharmacological treatments significantly less often when acutely symptomatic and during intervals between episodes. Taken together with previous research by us on the long-term structure of unipolar depression, we submit that the thrust of our work during the past decade supports classic notions of a broader affective disorder spectrum, bringing bipolarity and recurrent unipolarity closer together. However the genetic variation underlying such a putative spectrum remains to be clarified.
 ...
PMID:Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders. 1289 Mar 6


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>