Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recurrent brief depression (RBD) has recently been proposed as a new subtype of affective disorder characterized by episodes of major depression which last less than two weeks. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the validity of this putative subtype by means of clinical and biological data. DST, TSH response to TRH and sleep EEG variables were compared in 25 RBD patients sex- and age-matched to 25 major depressed (MD) and 25 healthy subjects. Family history, age at onset, and psychiatric comorbidity did not discriminate RBD from MD. Recurrent unipolar depression was found to be more prevalent in MD. Although less severely depressed during the biological tests, patients with RBD did not significantly differ from those with MDD on basis of DST non-suppression, blunted TSH response and shortening of REM latency. Compared to controls, a greater sleep onset latency was observed both in RBD and MD and a lower total sleep time in MD patients only. These results suggest that RBD could be viewed as a subtype of affective disorder sharing many characteristics with MDD.
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PMID:Biological and clinical features of recurrent brief depression: a comparison with major depressed and healthy subjects. 147 36

The evidence of continuity of child and adolescent depression into adult depression, of familial transmission of this disorder from parent to child, of psychobiologic similarity, and the similar syndromic picture all strongly argue that, by extrapolation, pharmacologic agents with proven efficacy in adult depression are likely candidates for the pharmacologic treatment of children and adolescents with this disorder. On the other hand, differences in kinetics, in cognitive maturity, and in brain maturity effecting mechanisms thought to be important in the control of affect all strongly argue that even if the disorder is related, the pharmacologic response may be different. As yet, the efficacy or lack of efficacy of cyclic antidepressants in either children or adolescents with MDD have not been established.
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PMID:The pharmacologic treatment of child and adolescent depression. 154 47

On the background of social-cognitive theories and transcultural aspects of depression relationships between generalized locus of control orientations and indicators of depression were analyzed in clinical samples from Egypt and West Germany. Data were collected in samples of 50 Egypt and 45 German inpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD, DSM-III) as well as in control samples of 50 Egyptian and German inpatients with acute medical diseases. Besides the "Beck Depression Inventory" (BDI) and the Hopelessness-Scale (H-Scale) the IPC-Scales were used, measuring internality, powerful others control and chance control in generalized control orientations. Results are: (1) Depressive inpatients are more depressive, more hopeless, more external, and less internal than patients with medical diseases; (2) While the Egyptian patients reach in general a markedly higher level in depression (BDI) than the patients in the German samples, a similar difference in the H-Scale was only observed for the depressive samples; (3) The Egyptian patients show distinctly higher scores in powerful others and chance control; (4) Discriminant analysis shows, that about 60% can be classified to the correct disease- and nationality-group by using the IPC-Scores; (5) There are some cultural specifica in the correlative patterns of the studied variables. It is concluded, that the results confirm on a general level the transcultural validity of cognitive approaches to depression. But it is noted as well, that cultural specificia in the structure of the cognitive orientations underlying depression require some differentiations of the constructs of such approaches.
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PMID:[Locus of control of depressive patients in a cross-cultural comparison]. 237 91

Oxygen free radicals have been suggested to cause the myocardial damage resulting in the prolonged contractile depression following brief periods of regional ischemia. In pigs, we infused the natural antioxidant alpha-tocopherol as its water-soluble acetate [0.3 g/kg intravenously (i.v.), n = 6] three times during 1 week, prior to thoracotomy, 8-min distal left anterior coronary artery (LAD) occlusion and 90-min reperfusion. Plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)] on the experimental day were 148.91 +/- 21.47 micrograms/ml as compared to preinfusion control of 0.51 +/- 0.14 micrograms/ml. Myocardial levels of alpha-tocopherol were elevated to 93.15 +/- 14.78 micrograms/g as compared to 4.08 +/- 0.60 microgram/g in the control group (n = 6). Malondialdehyde levels in ischemic-reperfused myocardium of the treatment group were insignificantly lower (441.96 +/- 59.55 nmol/g) as compared to the control group (500.9 +/- 72.72 nmol/g). Heart rate was significantly higher in the treatment group by the end of the experiments (135 +/- 10 vs. 105 +/- 4 beats/min, p less than 0.01). Regional segment shortening (SS, sonomicrometry) became normal within 1 min of reperfusion in both the treatment and the control group. During the following 10 min, SS decreased to 52 +/- 6% of preischemic control in the alpha-tocopherol group and to 54 +/- 7% in the control group (NS). SS remained at these depressed values throughout the reperfusion period. Pretreatment with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol resulted in a tendency to lower lipid peroxidation products but did not prevent development of contractile depression in reversibly ischemic reperfused myocardium.
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PMID:Effect of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in a porcine model of stunned myocardium. 247 14

Polyamino acids including polyaspartic acid (PAA) have been reported to provide protection against the development of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat as assessed by histopathology scoring. We sought to confirm and extend these observations by determining whether PAA also prevented functional and biochemical lesions of gentamicin-nephrotoxicity in an animal model studied extensively in our laboratory. Rats were given injections of: 1) 0.9% NaCl at 2.5 ml/kg b.wt. per day; 2) PAA (mol.wt. 15,000) at 500 mg/kg per day; 3) gentamicin at 100 mg/kg per day or 4) gentamicin at 100 mg/kg per day and PAA at 500 mg/kg per day for 6 days. Rats injected with gentamicin exhibited: 1) increased urinary excretion of the brush border membrane enzyme alanine aminopeptidase and the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase after the first injection; 2) increased total phospholipid and malondialdehyde but decreased catalase activity in the renal cortex; 3) elevation of serum creatinine and depression of creatinine clearance and 4) extensive proximal tubular cell necrosis all determined 24 hr after the last injection of gentamicin. Rats injected with gentamicin plus PAA also exhibited increased urinary excretion of alanine aminopeptidase not different in magnitude from that of rats injected with gentamicin alone, whereas N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase rose more slowly and returned to base line by day 4. Total renal cortical phospholipid was elevated to the same extent in the two groups. Malondialdehyde was not different from control and catalase activity was significantly less depressed in rats injected with gentamicin plus PAA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Polyaspartic acid protects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity in the rat. 274 94

Plasma cortisol concentrations were determined every 20 min for 24 h, in a nonstressful environment, among 48 rigorously assessed, mostly outpatient, drug-free adolescent subjects during an episode of major depression (MDD) and among 40 normal adolescent subjects. There were no significant differences in the 24-h mean, peak, or nadir, or the time of the nocturnal rise, in plasma cortisol in the 2 groups. Analyses of different subgroups of MDD adolescents according to suicidality, severity of depression, separation anxiety, psychotic subtype, endogenicity, duration of episode, and sex also revealed no significant group differences. Only one adolescent (with MDD) was identified clearly as a hypersecretor of cortisol. These results indicate that abnormalities of spontaneous cortisol secretion are an unusual finding among adolescents with major depression when studied in a nonstressful environment.
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PMID:Cortisol secretion in adolescents with major depressive disorder. 276 57

Three relatively clear-cut diagnostic groups, namely primary major depressive disorder-endogenous subtype (PRI MDD-E), primary anxiety disorder with no depression (PRI ANX), and normal controls as well as two additional patient groups with mixed or coexisting anxious/depressive diagnoses were studied. Clinical assessment was made by routine psychiatric interview, Schedule of Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (SADS) research interview, and obtaining family history of MDD. Subjects underwent both routine 'baseline' sleep EEG polygraphic arecoline, a muscarinic, cholinergic agonist infused during sleep. Cholinergic sensitivity was assessed by measuring the time to induction of REM sleep after arecoline infusion. In addition, a subgroup of MDD patients underwent pupillographic testing. Peripheral alpha-adrenergic responsivity was measured by the magnitude of pupillary mydriatic response after local ocular instillation of phenylephrine. Successful separation (83% correct classification) of the 'pure' groups (PRI MDD-E, PRI ANX, and normal) was achieved by discriminant function analysis of sleep EEG variables. Compared to PRI ANX and normal groups, patients with PRI MDD-E had supersensitive cholinergic REM-induction response, shorter REM latency, increased first REM density and REM percent. Separation of the PRI ANX and normal groups was by intermittent awake time, delta sleep percent, and total REM density. Classification of the mixed anxious/depressive groups was next attempted using the discriminant coefficients derived from the above analysis of 'pure' groups. We found that the presence of absence of family history of MDD in patients with mixed diagnosis offered the best prediction of classification into PRI MDD-E and PRI ANX groups, respectively. MDD patients with coexisting panic disorder were significantly subsensitive to phenylephrine-induced mydriasis compared to MDD patients without anxiety.
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PMID:Acetylcholine and alpha 1-adrenergic sensitivity in the separation of depression and anxiety. 650 19

Twenty-three adolescents hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit underwent a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder by interviewers blind to the DST results. These patients were divided into four categories according to whether they had major depressive disorders, endogenous ( MDDe ) or nonendogenous (MDD), and whether they were nonsuppressors (+) or suppressors (-) in response to the DST, i.e., MDDe (+), MDDe (-), MDD (+), or MDD (-). Psychomotor features significantly differentiated the MDDe group from the MDD group. Among symptoms this further differentiated the MDDe (+) from the MDD (-) group. The primary subtype of depression occurred significantly more frequently among the MDDe group than the MDD group. The primary subtype also occurred more frequently among the MDDe (+) group than the MDD (-) group, whereas the MDD (-) group had a greater frequency of secondary depression.
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PMID:Symptoms and subtypes of depression among adolescents distinguished by the dexamethasone suppression test: a preliminary report. 658 11

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor and thus being a specific antidepressant has its specific responder. In order to attempt a differential description of fluoxetine responders we collected data of 219 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD; DSM-III R) in an open multicenter (phase IV) study, which were further subclassified. According to the treatment plan, these patients were to be treated with 20 mg fluoxetine daily for a period of five weeks. CGI, HAMD, SDS, undesired side effects, laboratory and physiological variables were recorded at weekly intervals. Predictors for response were searched for by means of discriminatory analysis. The stability of the relations found was verified in two randomized halves of the data. It was found that those patients are probably good responders who at base-line have a high Covi anxiety score, but who according to Raskin score, self-assessment of depression (SDS), and CGI are not particularly severely depressed and show a relatively favorable therapeutic response in the first week of treatment.
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PMID:Fluoxetine in patients with major depressive disorder--a responder analysis. 774 39

1. As many as 30% of depressed patients fail to respond to antidepressant drug therapy, and at least 60%-75% will not achieve complete recovery. Recently, several studies have suggested that newer, "second generation" antidepressants might be beneficial in treatment resistant depression (TRD). In the present study the authors examined the potential utility of fluoxetine in TRD by comparing its efficacy in patients with and without a prior history of antidepressant response. 2. 149 patients with MDD received fluoxetine 20mg daily for a minimum of 5 weeks: 43 (29%) had never responded to drug therapy (TRD patients), 41 (28%) did have a prior drug response (non-TRD patients) and 65 (44%) had never received any antidepressant treatment. Clinical response was defined as a > or = 50% reduction in baseline Hamilton Depression Rating score plus a final score < 7. 3. Compared to non-TRD patients, the TRD patients were more likely to have unipolar depression (p = 0.002), a chronic episode of > 2 years duration (p < 0.0001), a later age of illness onset (p < 0.0001), fewer prior episodes (p < 0.0001) and fewer prior drug treatments (p = 0.04). Overall, the response rate to fluoxetine was slightly greater in the non-TRD patients (76%) compared to the TRD patients (56%); however, this difference did not achieve statistical significance. 4. The present observations suggest that fluoxetine treatment of adequate duration may be beneficial for some patients with a prior history of refractory depression.
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PMID:Fluoxetine efficacy in treatment resistant depression. 820 76


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