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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We followed up a sample of psychiatric patients (diagnoses predominantly schizophrenia and depression) who had participated in in-patient studies of their CSF over the past 15 years. The status of 73 former patients was confirmed, of whom 12 had died. Seven of these patients died at age < or = 40, largely of suicide, homicide, or accidental causes. These seven patients had significantly lower CSF 5-HIAA and HVA than living control patients. There were significant direct correlations between age at death and both CSF 5-HIAA and HVA in the deceased patients. The results offer support for CSF monoamine metabolites relating to early death in a diagnostically diverse sample of psychiatric patients.
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PMID:An association between low levels of 5-HIAA and HVA in cerebrospinal fluid and early mortality in a diagnostically mixed psychiatric sample. 750 65

The activity of tianeptine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg twice daily, i.p.) and of sertraline (5.0 mg/kg, twice daily, i.p.) were assessed in three animal models of depression. In the Behavioural Despair Test, acute treatment with sertraline or tianeptine (5.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time. In the olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat model, chronic treatment with tianeptine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) or sertraline (5.0 mg/kg) antagonized the lesion-induced hyperactivity in the "open field" apparatus. The hypothermic response to the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 0.15 mg/kg, s.c.) was significantly attenuated after chronic setraline treatment, whereas tianeptine was inactive at the 2 doses tested. Neither drug affected the hypersection of corticosterone that occurs at the light:dark interface. A reduction in the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was found in the hypothalamus of sertraline-treated sham rats. It can be concluded that although the neurochemical properties of sertraline and tianeptine differ, they demonstrate similar antidepressant-like activities in the Behavioural Despair and OB rat models. The lack of effect of tianeptine on the 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermic effect indicates that it does not induce 5-HT1A subsensitivity, contrary to most antidepressants.
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PMID:The effect of tianeptine and sertraline in three animal models of depression. 753

Administration of various doses of DOI (a 5-HT2A/5-HT2C agonist) produced hyperthermia that was significantly less in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. Similarly, administration of various doses of ipsapirone (a 5-HT1A agonist) produced hypothermia that was significantly less in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. Furthermore, m-CPP (a 5-HT agonist)-induced increases in growth hormone levels were also significantly less in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. There was no significant difference in the levels of either 5-HT or 5-HIAA between the two rat strains in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum. In the brain stem, however, both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were significantly lower in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. On the other hand, 5-HT turnover rate was significantly higher in the hypothalamus and striatum and significantly lower in the hippocampus in the FH rat strain relative to the Wistar rat strain. These findings provide further evidence for altered serotonergic function in the FH rat strain and, in addition, suggest that the FH rat strain may prove to be a useful genetic model for some neuropsychiatric disorders with possible abnormalities in serotonergic function such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the eating disorders.
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PMID:Functional and biochemical evidence for altered serotonergic function in the fawn-hooded rat strain. 753 10

The serotonin uptake inhibitor fluvoxamine was assessed in treatment of alcohol-induced Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) using fixed (4 weeks, 200 mg/day) or individualized (6 weeks, plasma concentration > or = 400 ng/ml) dosing in randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover studies. Cognitive functions and concentrations of the major cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites of serotonin (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (MHPG), and dopamine (HVA) were determined in abstinent, nondepressed KS patients (aged 45-75), at baseline and placebo (3-4 weeks), and after 3-4 (n = 10) or 6 (n = 4) weeks of fluvoxamine administration. Fluvoxamine decreased CSF 5-HIAA compared to placebo (P < 0.003) without consistent changes in HVA or MHPG. Reductions in 5-HIAA correlated with improvements on the Wechsler Memory Scale Memory Quotient (P < 0.05), independent of effects on attention/vigilance or Beck Depression Inventory scores. Reductions in 5-HIAA correlated with plasma fluvoxamine (P < 0.03) only for fluvoxamine concentrations below 450 ng/ml. These findings suggest improvement of memory consolidation and/or retrieval in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome by fluvoxamine via serotonergic mechanisms.
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PMID:Fluvoxamine treatment of alcoholic amnestic disorder. 754 52

The effects of chronic administration of clomipramine or citalopram (CMI or CIT, 20 mg/kg i.p. daily for 19 days) with/without short-term administration of lithium (Li, 2 mEq/kg i.p. daily for 5 days) on the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites and serotonergic receptors were studied in the rat cerebral cortex. Li or CMI by itself had no effects on the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites, but a combination of CMI and Li increased that of 5-HIAA. CIT alone increased that of 5-HIAA, and a combination of CIT and Li increased that of 5-HIAA more than CIT alone. There were no changes in 5-HT or 5-HIAA after acute administration of CMI or CIT with/without Li. For the serotonergic receptors, [3H] 8-OH-DPAT and [3H] paroxetine binding did not change in any of the treatments. CMI alone or a combination of CMI and Li reduced [3H] ketanserin binding, but Li did not potentiate this effect. It is speculated that the therapeutic action of Li when added to tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of refractory depression may partly have its basis in potentiation of effects on the activation of presynaptic serotonergic system.
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PMID:[Studies on lithium potentiation of antidepressant treatment]. 804 78

In mixed-sex rat groups consistent asymmetries in offensive and defensive behaviors of male dyads are associated with the development of dominance hierarchies. Subordinate males can be differentiated from dominants on the basis of both agonistic and non-agonistic behaviors, wound patterns, weight changes. Their behavior changes suggest chronic defensiveness and are also broadly isomorphic to many of the symptoms of depression; their voluntary alcohol consumption increases, and their life-spans are shortened. Both subordinate and dominant males tend to show organ change compared to non-grouped controls, with adrenal and spleen enlargement and thymus reduction. However, these changes appear to be more marked in subordinates, and only subordinates show reduced testes weights. Basal corticosterone (CORT) levels were sharply higher, and plasma testosterone (T) sharply lower, in subordinates compared to both dominants and controls, and reduced corticosterone binding globulin further enhanced free CORT for subordinates particularly. Many subordinates failed to show a normal CORT response to restraint stress. Subordinates also appear to show widespread changes in serotonin systems, with increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios in a number of brain areas, and alterations of 5-HT1A receptor binding at some sites. These changes suggest that subordination, a common and consistent feature of life for many animals living in social groups, may be a particularly relevant model for investigating the behavioral, neural and endocrine correlates of chronic stress.
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PMID:Subordination stress: behavioral, brain, and neuroendocrine correlates. 813 39

The effects of a single dose of 20 mg/kg ip of morphine on dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in the limbic (cortex, nucleus accumbens) and extrapyramidal (striatum) structures were investigated in rats. The action of morphine was assessed by measuring the regional concentrations of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites (homovanillic acid- HVA,3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid - DOPAC, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid - 5-HIAA) by means of HPLC. We have demonstrated that a single large dose of morphine produces a biphasic change in limbic dopaminergic and serotonergic structures, with an initial activation followed by significant inhibition 24 h later. In contrast, the striatum depression of dopamine level was observed during the initial phase with normalization on the next day.
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PMID:Immediate and "day-after" effects of morphine on dopamine and serotonin metabolism in various structures of the rat brain. 861 17

The effects of subchronicly administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) intracerebroventricularly on behavioral, neurochemical, and immunological parameters were examined in sham operated and olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rats. In the untreated OB rats, an increase in ambulation, rearing, grooming, and defecation scores was found in the novel stressful environment of an "open field." Following 7 days of NPY administration, these behaviors were largely attenuated. In the elevated plus-maze apparatus, OB rats showed an increase in the number of entries into the open arms and time spent on the open arms compared with sham operated animals; NPY had no significant effect on the behavior of either sham operated or OB animals in this test. A decrease in the NA concentration was found in the amygdloid cortex of OB rats. NPY infusion significantly increased the NA concentration in amygdala, reduced 5-HIAA but increased 5-HT concentrations in the hypothalamus, and increased the dopamine level in the hippocampus. NPY administration also reversed the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in the OB rat. However, the changes in the differential white blood cell count and the elevated phytohemagglutinin-induced chemiluminescence of mononuclear cells in the OB were not altered by NPY. These results suggest that NPY may have a modulatory effect on some behavioral, neurotransmitter, and immune aspects of the OB rat model of depression.
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PMID:The effects of central administration of neuropeptide Y on behavior, neurotransmitter, and immune functions in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. 873 65

The effects of the addition of short-term lithium to long-term administration of antidepressants (clomipramine or citalopram) on the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and serotonergic receptors were studied in the rat cortex. The addition of short-term Li to long-term antidepressant treatment potentiated an increase in 5-HIAA, although Li alone had no effect. On the serotonergic receptors, the addition of short-term Li had no effect. It is speculated that the therapeutic action of Li when added to antidepressants in the treatment of refractory depression may partly have its basis in the further activation of the presynaptic serotonergic system.
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PMID:Addition of lithium to chronic antidepressant treatment potentiates presynaptic serotonergic function without changes in serotonergic receptors in the rat cerebral cortex. 882 70

A marked decrease in the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite (5-HIAA) has been demonstrated in postmortem studies of suicide victims with various psychiatric disorders. Depression is the most common mental manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) which accounts for the high incidence of suicide in this disease. CSF 5-HIAA concentrations are reduced in MS patients and nocturnal plasma melatonin levels were found to be lower in suicidal than in nonsuicidal patients. These findings suggest that the increased risk of suicide in MS patients may be related to decreased 5-HT functions and blunted circadian melatonin secretion. Previous studies have demonstrated that extracerebral applications of pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the picotesla range rapidly improved motor, sensory, affective and cognitive deficits in MS. Augmentation of cerebral 5-HT synthesis and resynchronization of circadian melatonin secretion has been suggested as a key mechanism by which these EMFs improved symptoms of the disease. Therefore, the prediction was made that this treatment modality would result in attenuation of suicidal behavior in MS patients. The present report concerns three women with remitting-progressive MS who exhibited suicidal behavior during the course of their illness. All patients had frequent suicidal thoughts over several years and experienced resolution of suicidal behavior within several weeks after introduction of EMFs treatment with no recurrence of symptoms during a follow-up of months to 3.5 years. These findings demonstrate that in MS pulsed applications of picotesla level EMFs improve mental depression and may reduce the risk of suicide by a mechanism involving the augmentation of 5-HT neurotransmission and resynchronization of circadian melatonin secretion.
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PMID:Suicidal behavior is attenuated in patients with multiple sclerosis by treatment with electromagnetic fields. 891 16


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