Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The United States has experienced three distinct methamphetamine epidemics: one in the 1950s, one in the late 1960s, and the third and current one in the mid-1990s. The current epidemic is closely related to the HIV epidemic. Amphetamine (speed) and methamphetamine use can lead to significant dependence and abuse, impaired judgement, and an increase in sexual risk-taking. Methamphetamine use is most prevalent in the western United States, and the drug is popular in the gay community. There is compelling evidence linking HIV disease and speed use. Some seropositive individuals appear to use amphetamines as self-medication for their HIV-related depression symptoms. Research, outreach, and prevention programs have targeted heroin, cocaine, and crack users, while the growing number of injection drug users who abuse amphetamines has been overlooked. Health care professionals should note each patient's specific drug use history and refer dependent patients to appropriate treatment.
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PMID:Speed use and HIV transmission. 1136 20

Increasing numbers of methamphetamine users sought treatment during the decade of the 1990s. Little is known about the post treatment status of methamphetamine users who enter treatment. The data presented in this paper describe the outcome status of a group of a convenience sample of 114 methamphetamine users from a total group of 500 methamphetamine users who were treated 2-5 years prior to a follow up interview. Since the sample was not randomly selected, no specific treatment outcome attribution is possible. Methamphetamine use and other drug use of the follow up sample was substantially reduced from pretreatment levels. In general, the follow up status of the sample was much improved as compared to before treatment. However, headaches and depression were reported at a similar rate at follow up as had been reported at treatment admission.
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PMID:Status of methamphetamine users 2-5 years after outpatient treatment. 1183 96

The use of the recreational drug crystal methamphetamine among younger homosexual men is expanding, and with it, unsafe sex behaviors that increase the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This article reviews available literature on the medical and psychiatric morbidities associated with methamphetamine abuse in HIV-infected patients. Medical complications include hypertension, hyperthermia, rhabdoymyolysis, and stroke. One fatal case of ingestion of methamphetamine with HIV medication has been documented. Two fatal cases of ingestion of HIV medication with the amphetamine analogue n-methyl-3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "ecstasy") have also been reported. Some molecular researchers suggest that dopaminergic systems are vulnerable to the combined neurotoxicity of HIV infection and methamphetamine. Population surveys indicate high rates of HIV infection among methamphetamine abusers and high rates of unprotected anal intercourse during drug intoxication. Intoxication can sometimes produce paranoia, auditory hallucinations, and, occasionally, violent behavior. Amphetamine withdrawal commonly results in symptoms of depression. Methamphetamine is a new challenge related to treatment and prevention of HIV infection.
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PMID:Crystal methamphetamine, its analogues, and HIV infection: medical and psychiatric aspects of a new epidemic. 1499 36

The Methamphetamine Treatment Project (MTP) offers the opportunity to examine co-occurring psychiatric conditions in a sample of 1016 methamphetamine users participating in a multisite outpatient treatment study between 1999-2001. Participants reported high levels of psychiatric symptoms, particularly depression and attempted suicide, but also anxiety and psychotic symptoms. They also reported high levels of problems controlling anger and violent behavior, with a correspondingly high frequency of assault and weapons charges. Findings continue to support the value of integrated treatment for co-occurring conditions, especially the importance of training counseling staff to handle psychotic symptoms when needed.
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PMID:Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. 1520 68

Methamphetamine abusers often complain of feelings of depression that can complicate accurately diagnosing these individuals during treatments for methamphetamine abuse. This article presents an examination of temporal associations between documented methamphetamine use and reported ratings of depression among 162 gay and bisexual male methamphetamine abusers who participated in a 16-week randomized clinical trial of four behavioral therapies for methamphetamine abuse. Methamphetamine use was measured using thrice-weekly urine samples analyzed for drug metabolite. Self-reported depressive symptoms were collected weekly using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). At treatment entry, 73.2% of participants rated their depressive symptoms as mild or higher in severity (BDI>or=10), with 28.5% reporting BDI scores in the moderate to severe range (BDI>or=19). All participants reported significant decreases in depressive symptoms from baseline through the end of treatment, regardless of treatment condition, HIV status, or mood disorder diagnosis. A mixed regression model showed methamphetamine use for up to 5 days prior to the BDI score strongly predicted depressive symptoms (F1, 968=18.6, P<.0001), while BDI scores had no significant association with subsequent methamphetamine use. Findings show that behavioral methamphetamine abuse treatment yields reductions in methamphetamine use and concomitant depressive symptom ratings that are sustained to 1 year after treatment entry.
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PMID:Sustained reductions in drug use and depression symptoms from treatment for drug abuse in methamphetamine-dependent gay and bisexual men. 1573 15

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between methamphetamine (meth) use and impulsivity in a sample of 385 HIV-negative heterosexually identified meth users. Participants who scored highest on a self-report measure of impulsivity were compared with those who scored lower in terms of background characteristics, meth use patterns, use of alcohol and other illicit drugs, sexual risk behavior, and psychiatric health variables. Methamphetamine users in the high impulsivity group were younger, less educated, used larger quantities of meth, were more likely to be binge users, had a larger number of sexual partners, engaged in more unprotected vaginal and oral sex, and scored higher on the Beck Depression Inventory as compared with those in the low impulsivity group. In a logistic regression analysis, Beck depression was the factor that best distinguished between meth users who scored high and those who scored low on impulsivity. Neurophysiological pathways that may underlie the relationship between impulsivity and meth use are discussed.
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PMID:Impulsivity and methamphetamine use. 1613 37

Methamphetamine is one of the most widely used stimulants worldwide. Common reasons for use of the drug include efforts to improve or enhance one's life and to uplift one's mood. Nevertheless, acute effects of the drug lead to temporary improvements in mood followed by negative affect. The purpose of the present study was to expand on the current literature and examine other aspects of mood and satisfaction with life in methamphetamine users. Over 6000 adults completed an Internet survey and reported on depression, apathy, satisfaction with life, happiness, and subjective well-being, in addition to measures of methamphetamine use. We compared those who had used methamphetamine at least once within the past year (N = 610) to those who had never used (N = 6063). Methamphetamine use accounted for significant variance in depression, apathy, satisfaction with life, happiness, and subjective well-being even when alcohol and other drugs served as covariates. Methamphetamine use may decrease one's subjective well-being instead of enhancing it, which is contradictory to the perceptions of many users. Increasing awareness about methamphetamine's negative impact on mood and life satisfaction might help decrease prevalence of the drug's use and associated troubles.
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PMID:The impact of methamphetamine use on subjective well-being in an Internet survey: preliminary findings. 1731 May

Diagnosis of neurobehavioral syndromes associated with HIV infection requires the determination that neuropsychological (NP) deficits are present, are not caused by any comorbid (e.g., psychiatric) condition, and significantly affect everyday functioning. Methamphetamine (Meth) dependence and depression are common comorbid conditions with HIV and may complicate diagnosis of HIV-associated neurobehavioral syndromes. The current study examined the complex relationships between depression and NP impairment, and self-report of problems with everyday functioning, in 362 adults with HIV infection or Meth dependence, or both. Everyday functioning was measured with questionnaires of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and reported cognitive difficulties. Results indicate that comorbid HIV and Meth did not increase the likelihood of complaints regarding everyday functioning, beyond what was seen with either single risk factor. Across all groups, depressive symptoms predicted greater IADL decline and cognitive complaints, while NP impairment predicted cognitive complaints more than IADL decline. Both IADL decline and cognitive complaints were associated with higher rates of unemployment and worse clinician ratings of overall functioning (Karnofsky ratings), even when depressive symptoms were controlled. These results suggest that depressive symptoms should not be used to dismiss subjective complaints related to everyday functioning even though depressive symptoms account for significant variance in self-reported complaints. Additional research is needed to clarify the potentially reciprocal causal relationships between depressive symptoms and impairment in everyday functioning.
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PMID:The impact of neuropsychological functioning and depressed mood on functional complaints in HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine dependence. 1745 47

Substance use disorders are familial, and genetic factors explain a substantial degree of their familial aggregation. Methamphetamine (MAP) abusers are commonly noted as having psychosis, depression and suicidal behavior. The goals of the present study were (i) to investigate relations of clinical correlates, such as gender, drug use behavior, psychiatric comorbidity and psychiatry family history, with suicidal behavior among Chinese MAP abusers; and (ii) to investigate whether there is an association between a polymorphism in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and suicidal behavior among Chinese MAP abusers. A total of 439 MAP abusers from a hospital and detention center in Taipei were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Study and the Family Interview for Genetic Study. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was compared between 94 MAP abusers with suicide attempts and 294 MAP abusers without suicide attempts, for whom DNA data were available. The results of the present study indicate that among MAP abusers in Taiwan, suicide attempts were significantly related to female gender, history of MAP-induced psychotic disorder, history of MAP-induced depressive disorder, and family history of psychotic disorders. Among suicide attempters, the attempters with moderate to severe lethality used higher MAP doses than those with minimal to mild lethality. In the present sample the triallelic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (S, L(G), L(A)) was not associated with MAP-induced depressive disorder, MAP-induced psychotic disorder or suicidal behavior, but studies with larger sample sizes are warranted before excluding the role of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms in suicidal behavior among MAP abusers.
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PMID:Analysis of association of clinical correlates and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with suicidal behavior among Chinese methamphetamine abusers. 1787 25

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for suicide attempts (SA) in methamphetamine (MA)-dependent patients. MA-dependent adults (N = 526) who participated in the Methamphetamine Treatment Project were interviewed before and three years after treatment. Baseline psychiatric, medical, demographic, and substance use characteristics were assessed using the Addiction Severity Index and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Lifetime history of SA was assessed at follow-up. Risk factors for SA included gender, intravenous MA use, BDI > 20 at baseline, and clinically significant psychiatric history. Psychiatric characteristics of MA users are strongly associated with SA, warranting careful assessment of psychiatric history.
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PMID:Risk factors for suicide attempts in methamphetamine-dependent patients. 1821 19


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