UMLS:C0011570 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of back diffusion of H+ PON THE POTENTIAL DIFFERence (PD), electrical resistance (R), and short circuit current (Isc) of spontaneously secreting and burimamide-inhibited amphibian gastric mucosae were studied in vitro. When back diffusion of H+ was induced by the passage of an electrical current of 510 mua per cm2 from the secretory (S) side of pH 2.25 to the nutrient side (N) for 30 min, the spontaneously secreting mucosae showed small decreases in PD (23.6 leads to 16.2 mv) and Isc (80 leads to 61 mua per cm2) but no significant change in R. In the burimamide-inhibited mucosae there were marked and significantly greater decreases of PD (26.8 leads to 3.4 mv), R (473 leads to 170 ohms cm2) and Isc (50 leads to 13 mua per cm2). When back diffusion of H+ was induced by establishing a concentration gradient of H+ from S leads to N or by exposing the secretory surface to sodium taurocholate with secretory pH 2.25, the burimamide-inhibited tissue demonstrated significantly greater depression of the electrical parameters than the secreting mucosae. Intracellular pH, measured by the 5,5-dimethoxyazolidine-2,4-dione method, was significantly higher in the histamine-stimulated tissues (7.28) than in the metiamide-inhibited tissues (7.11). These studies strongly suggest that the secretory status of the mucosa and hence its acid-base status are important determinants in the tolerance of the tissue to exogenous back diffusion of H+. The measure of absolute loss of H+ From the mucosal solution alone may not be an adequate assessment of the gastric mucosal barrier.
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PMID:Influence of acid secretory state on the gastric mucosal tolerance to back diffusion of H+. 0 31

A criterion to determine the indication for pacemaker implantation in the sick sinus syndrome by overdrive suppression is proposed. Overdrive suppression was performed in 10 patients with the sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and another 10 patients with normal sinus rhythm (NSR) who served as controls. In the SSS group, 9 patients had complained of such severe symptoms as Adams-Stokes attack and/or congestive failure and were referred to our laboratory for pacemaker implantation. One other patient, an apparently robust young man (20 years old) referred for detailed cardiac examination, had no remarkable symptoms except for arrhythmias, but was found dead two months later. Atrial pacing for overdrive suppression was carried out at first at various rates ranging from 60 to 180 beats/min for 15 sec, and then at a rate of 100 beats/min for various durations ranging from 5 to 180 sec. After cessation of the atrial pacing, asystolic pauses were measured and the maximum (maximum pause) among the pauses obtained was used as a parameter indicating depression of cardiac automaticity. The maximum pause in the SSS group ranged from 5.6 to 9.0 sec (mean +/- SD = 7.0 +/- 1.2), WHILE THOSE IN THE NSR group ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 sec (mean +/- SD = 1.2 +/- 0.14). Therefore, the maximum pause was considered not only to reflect the severity of the symptoms necessitating pacemaker implantation in the 9 patients of the SSS group but to have warned us of sudder death in another patient. We concluded that overdrive suppression is useful as a supplementary challenge to determine indications for pacemaker implantation for the sick sinus syndrome, and that prolongation of the maximum pause beyond 5.0 sec is the critical level for pacemaker implantation.
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PMID:Overdrive suppression in diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome. 115 46

The pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of lithium and other antidepressant drugs involve alterations in circadian rhythms. These include changes in both the intrinsic rhythm of circadian oscillators and in the sensitivity of the retina to LIGHT. The retina in humans is the only photoreceptor for circadian entrainment. The retinal-hypothalamic-pineal axis is the essential pathway for neuronal entrainment of rhythms which use light as a phase cue. A common substance throughout this axis in many species is MELATONIN. Retinal melatonin has been implicated in regulation of the sensitivity of the retina to light. The hypothalamus, at THE NEUROENDOCRINE CROSSROADS, has a central role in the integration of neurotransmitters and hormones in circadian rhythms. DYSREGULATION of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, as well as -gonadal, axes has been documented in depressed patients. Abnormalities in circulating melatonin have also been found in patients with affective disorders. It is speculated that the availability of melatonin along the retinal-hypothalamic-pineal axis may have important implications in the genesis of affective disorders. More specifically--is there a latent biochemical defect which causes a phase shift and change in circadian rhythms of melatonin and/or other neurotransmitters in the retina which then alters the sensitivity of the retina to light (for the visible spectrum) which in turn desynchronizes all other biological rhythms thus disrupting mental well-being? We suggest that variations of retinal photosensitivity in humans can be measured by using a visual testing system, and that depressed patients might show changes in photosensitivity which could be corrected when treated with lithium and/or antidepressants. It is our working hypothesis that the primary defect in depression may be a change in retinal function, and that behavioural and neuroendocrine concomitants of this disorder are secondary events.
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PMID:Dysregulation of neuroendocrine crossroads: depression, circadian rhythms and the retina--a hypothesis. 288 61

A survey of black and white psychiatrists on the subject of nonpsychotic black female patients in psychotherapy yielded 93 usable responses. Among the findings are a profile of the average black woman in psychotherapy, responses to questions on clinical and therapeutic issues, and the role of racism as reported by the psychiatrists.THE PROFILE OF THE AVERAGE BLACK WOMAN IN PSYCHOTHERAPY THAT EMERGED WAS: she is married, in a technical or semi-professional occupation, with some college experience, in the age range of 26 to 40 years, and most often diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. The most frequent presenting problem is depression, with family problems second in frequency. Developing new coping mechanisms was the most difficult stage of the treatment process. Self-esteem was the most frequent unconscious conflict. Racial discrimination was most often incorportated as a symptom. The impact of racism on the treatment process most frequently occurred in the area of working through conflicts.
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PMID:Psychotherapy and black women: a survey. 356 Feb 45

As a result of temperature differential dipping of turkey eggs in 715 p.p.m. of tylosin or 1000 p.p.m. spiramycin in tap water, air sac lesions caused by M. meleagridis were reduced 87% and 72%, and the M. meleagridis isolations were reduced 85% and 84% respectively. Mean weights at six weeks of age showed that poults hatched from eggs dipped in tylosin and spiramycin were 128 and 130 grams heavier than control birds. This difference in mean weights was apparent at two weeks of age. DIPPING OF EGGS IN SPIROMYCIN APPARENTLY PRODUCED A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE POULTS ONE TO SEVEN DAYS OF AGE, RESULTING IN: increased mortality of 62.4% vs. 12.5% for control and 14.7% for those dipped in tylosin, and a mean weight depression of -3.6 grams and -4.4 grams below those dipped in control or tylosin solutions, although no detrimental effect of the antibiotic introduction was apparent at hatching time.
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PMID:Experimental control of Mycoplasma meleagridis in turkeys by the dipping of eggs in tylosin and spiramycin. 424

THE TOXICITY OF THREE FRACTIONS (A, B, AND C) OBTAINED BY ULTRAFILTRATION OF A PEPTIC: tryptic digest of gluten has been assessed by serial feeding experiments in patients with treated coeliac disease. The first fraction (A), which contains amino acids and oligopeptides, produced no damage to the jejunal mucosa. The other two fractions (B and C) both caused mucosal damage. Fraction B, which contains the products of digestion of smaller molecular weight, consists of polypeptides which are concentrated in the region of 8000 molecular weight. It contains no gliadin (molecular weight 50 000) or gluten. Ultrastructural evidence of damage was visible six hours after challenge with fraction B and by 10 hours histological abnormalities were also present. Ultrastructural abnormalities occurred early in the epithelial cells and preceded changes in the basement membrane and capillaries. The disaccharidases showed a pronounced depression in all three subjects by 24 hours. The rapid onset of damage after challenge, coupled with the evidence of recovery as soon as 72 hours later, is more in keeping with a direct action on the surface epithelial cells rather than an immune mechanism.
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PMID:Identifying toxic fractions of wheat gluten and their effect on the jejunal mucosa in coeliac disease. 444 8

THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA WAS STUDIED IN TWO GROUPS OF SUBJECTS WITH ABNORMAL SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS CONTROL: (a) human subjects with familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome), and (b) unanesthetized goats treated with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (phenoxybenzamine). The ventilatory response to hypoxia was evaluated in two ways: (a) from the slope of the relationship between ventilation and alveolar P(Co2) ([unk]V(E)-P(ACo2) slope) during the rebreathing of hypoxic and hyperoxic gases, and (b) from the change in ventilation produced when hypoxia was abruptly relieved. The ventilatory and circulatory responses of the unanesthetized, phenoxybenzamine-treated goats were qualitatively similar to those of dysautonomic patients. In contrast to the sustained stimulation of ventilation produced by hypoxia in normal subjects, hypoxia either did not change, or decreased, the [unk]V(E)-P(ACo2) slope of dysautonomic patients and phenoxybenzamine-treated goats; CO(2)-free hypoxia produced a fleeting hyperventilation, which was followed by apnea when hypoxia was abruptly relieved. Unlike normal subjects, the dysautonomic patients and phenoxybenzamine-treated goats became hypotensive while hypoxic. The results indicate that peripheral chemoreceptor reflex responses to hypoxia are preserved in subjects in whom sympathetic nervous responses are impaired. However, the central nervous depression of ventilation by hypoxia is enhanced simultaneously. The inordinate central depression is attributed to the inability of the dysautonomic subjects and goats to maintain systemic blood pressure and, consequently, cerebral blood flow during hypoxia, thereby aggrevating central nervous hypoxia.
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PMID:The effects of abnormal sympathetic nervous function upon the ventilatory response to hypoxia. 542 18

Thiamine-deficient encephalopathy is characterized by morphologic lesions in the brainstem and less extensively in the cerebellum, but the early neurologic signs reverse rapidly and fully with thiamine, indicating a metabolic disorder. The suggested causal mechanisms of the encephalopathy involve two thiamine-dependent enzymes: (a) impairment of pyruvate decarboxylase activity with decreased cerebral energy (ATP) synthesis, and (b) reduction of transketolase activity with possible impairment of the hexose monophosphate shunt and subsequent decrease in NADPH formation. The latter may be important in maintaining glutathione in a reduced form (GSH), which apparently functions by keeping enzymes in a reduced (active) conformation. To examine some of these postulated mechanisms, in this study we measured pyruvate decarboxylase and transketolase activity, lactate, ATP and GSH levels in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem, and thiamine concentration in whole brain of rats with diet-induced low thiamine encephalopathy. Pair-fed and normally fed asymptomatic control animals were similarly investigated. To assess the functional importance of some of our results, we repeated the studies in rats, immediately (16-36 hr) after reversal of the neurological signs with thiamine administration. THE DATA OBTAINED LED TO THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (a) Brain contains a substantial reserve of thiamine in that thiamine level has to fall to below 20% of normal before the onset of overt encephalopathy and an increase in brain thiamine to only 26% of normal results in rapid reversal of neurologic signs. (b) Both cerebral transketolase and pyruvate decarboxylase activities are impaired in low thiamine encephalopathy and the abnormality in the pyruvate decarboxylase is reflected in a rise in brain lactate. These biochemical abnormalities occur primarily in the brainstem and cerebellum, the sites of the morphologic changes. (c) Although the fall in cerebral transketolase is about twofold greater than that of pyruvate decarboxylase activity during encephalopathy, both enzymes rise on reversal of neurologic signs and the degree of the transketolase rise is slight. Accordingly, this study cannot ascertain the relative functional importance of these two pathways in the induction of the encephalopathy. The data suggest, however, that the depression of transketolase is not functionally important per se, but may only be an index of some other critical aspect of the hexose monophosphate shunt. (d) The normal cerebral ATP concentration and small GSH fall during encephalopathy, with little GSH rise on reversal of neurologic signs, suggest that a depletion of neither substance is instrumental in inducing thiamine-deficient encephalopathy.
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PMID:Encephalopathy of thiamine deficieny: studies of intracerebral mechanisms. 567 22

The concept that acute increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will cause large concomitant increases in sodium excretion has been re-examined. In previous work, GFR was elevated by volume expansion, usually with saline infusions. Recent evidence shows that tubular reabsorption is depressed during saline loading; hence, the independent effect of increased GFR on sodium excretion cannot be assessed.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE INCREASES IN GFR PER SE ON SODIUM EXCRETION, WE RAISED GFR BY FOUR TECHNIQUES NOT INVOLVING VOLUME EXPANSION: protein feeding, dopamine infusion, intravenous dexamethasone, and cross-circulation. GFR increased acutely by 5 to 85% in these experiments. In 12 of 24 experiments, GFR increased by more than 30%. In all but one experiment, sodium excretion increased by less than 75 muEq per minute. Data from experiments using each of the four techniques were comparable. The results were the same whether mineralocorticoid activity was high or low. In contrast, during saline loading, sodium excretion increased more than 800 muEq per minute with equal or lesser changes in GFR. These results demonstrate that acute increases in GFR per se have little effect on sodium excretion. We suggest that, due to constant fractional sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule (glomerulotubular balance) and increased distal reabsorption, virtually all of the increase in filtered sodium is reabsorbed when GFR increases. Depression of tubular reabsorption is required for natriuresis.
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PMID:Evidence that an acute increase in glomerular filtration has little effect on sodium excretion in the dog unless extracellular volume is expanded. 601 63

Examined the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), AND THE Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) for specificity and validity as measures of anxiety and depression. It was hypothesized that if the BDI and SDS were specific to symptoms of depression, they would show high correlations with each other, low correlations with the TMAS, and intermediate correlations with the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI-N). The four instruments were administered to 170 undergraduate students, and correlations and qualitative content analyses showed that the BDI, SDS and TMAS were intercorrelated significantly with the EPI-N scale and that item content overlapped heavily among the tests. The results suggest all four tests tap an emotionality factor of stability-instability.
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PMID:A comparison of four scales for anxiety, depresison, and neuroticism. 737 12

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