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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children of depressed parents often exhibit emotion-regulation deficits, characterized by either excessive withdrawal or approach strategies toward the mother. The current study examined behavioral and physiological emotion-regulation in preweanling pups (postnatal day 17-19) belonging to two different genetic animal models of depression, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Flinders Sensitive-Line (FSL) rats. The study also examined the effects of stress on the two animal models, hypothesizing an interactive effect of hereditary vulnerability and exposure to stress. Chronic-stress was simulated by providing limited bedding to the dam and litter for a week, in the early postnatal period. Acute-stress was generated by exposure to an adult male rat, an ethologically valid stressor. Emotion-regulation of the pups was examined using a Y-maze preference test and radioimmunoassay of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis hormones (corticosterone & adreno-corticotropin/ACTH). WKY and FSL pups exhibited reduced approach-behavior toward the dam, an emotion-regulation profile reminiscent of avoidant attachment evident in many children of depressed parents. In contrast, the two animal models did not show similar HPA axis activity. FSL pups exhibited markedly lower ACTH levels compared to controls, while WKY pups did not differ from controls. With regard to the stress manipulations, the limited-bedding condition had no effect, while the acute-stressor induced overall effects on all groups, with more pronounced reactivity evident in the WKY and FSL pups. Taken together, the experiments indicate a similar behavioral profile of the two strains at the preweanling period, while suggesting HPA dysfunction in only one of the strains.
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PMID:Stress hormones and emotion-regulation in two genetic animal models of depression. 1698 57

Intravenous diltiazem can be used to treat myocardial ischemia, hypertension, and supraventricular dysrhythmias, but significant adverse effects including atrioventricular block and hypotension have been reported. At the present time, there is controversy as to which drug is most effective in reversing these sequelae. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of calcium chloride v epinephrine in reversing these side effects. The hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem infusion were investigated in eight dogs anesthetized with fentanyl and nitrous oxide/oxygen. This study confirmed that diltiazem infusions in high concentrations produced predominantly atrioventricular conduction depression followed by profound hypotension. Epinephrine infusion proved to be most effective in attenuating and eliminating each of these deleterious side effects. In contrast, calcium chloride did not significantly increase heart rate or blood pressure or reverse atrioventricular block. In two instances calcium chloride produced further depression of atrioventricular conduction, leading to severe bradycardia and sinus arrest. Although calcium chloride increased left ventricular contractile force (LV dP/ dt) and cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure was not affected and SVR was further decreased. This study indicates that calcium chloride should not be given to reverse the side effects of diltiazem in the presence of atrioventricular conduction block or profound hypotension. Calcium chloride is indicated only when isolated myocardial depression is present and after the calcium channels have been reopened by epinephrine.
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PMID:Reversal of the adverse cardiovascular effects of intravenous diltiazem in anesthetized dogs. 1717 30

Vasovagal syncope refers to a reflex cardiovascular depression that gives rise to loss of consciousness with bradycardia and profound vasodilatation. This response commonly occurs during regional anesthesia, hemorrhage or supine inferior vena cava compression in pregnancy. The changes in circulatory response from the normal maintenance of arterial pressure to parasympathetic activation and sympathetic inhibition may cause severe hypotension. This change is triggered by reduced cardiac venous return as well as episodes of emotional stress, excitement or pain. Occasionally, these vasovagal responses may be unpredictable and may dramatically proceed to asystole with circulatory collapse, and may even result in death. In these circumstances, hypotension may be more severe than that caused by bradycardia alone, because of unappreciated vasodilatation. Regional anesthesia, decreased venous return, hemorrhage and abnormal fetal presentation cumulatively increase the risk of vasovagal syncope in cesarean section patients. When a vasovagal response occurs, ephedrine is the drug of first choice because of its combined action on the heart and peripheral blood vessels. Epinephrine must be used early in established cardiac arrest, especially after high regional anesthesia.
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PMID:Perioperative vasovagal syncope with focus on obstetric anesthesia. 1717 65

To review the reports concering the mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in treating depression in recent years and combine research achievements of the authors, we summarized the research progress on therapeutic mechanism of depression treated by traditional Chinese medicine. Previous researches proved that traditional Chinese medicine played antidepressant role by affecting the monoamine neurotransmitters, excitotoxicity, Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, hippocampal neurons and neurotrophic factor et al. It has suggested that depression treated by traditional Chinese medicine is through a lot of channels, target spots and levels.
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PMID:[Research progress on therapeutic mechanism of depression treated by traditional chinese medicine]. 1765 34

Heritability of major depression from twin studies is estimated as -40% that is relatively small as compared with -80% for schizophrenia and -90% for bipolar affective disorder. It suggests that genetic as well as environmental factors contribute to the aetiology of major depression. Approximately 800 association studies on candidate genes of depression have been published, and among them, several genes were confirmed as risk for vulnerability to major depression by meta-analyses. Recent investigations on pathophysiology of depression have focused on hippocampus as a modulator of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) glands axis. Molecular biological studies on the interaction between stress, hippocampus and HPA axis reveal glucocorticoid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) are key molecules developing and recovering from depressive disorder.
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PMID:[Molecular biology of depressive disorders]. 1787 81

Adrenal function and aging have been the object of intense interest recently, especially as regards dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which is of major importance, since it is distinct from cortisol and aldosterone in declining with age. In a group of healthy old Tunisians, we investigated the association between cortisol and DHEA-S, on the one hand, and age, sex, lifestyle, physical health, including the body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and smoking indicators, on the other hand. We observed that cortisol concentrations did not change with aging, while DHEA-S concentrations decrease with age in both sexes. Cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, however, increases with aging. Our results revealed that DHEA-S levels are affected neither by physical activity nor by weight. It appears also that current smoking could not affect the level of DHEA-S. Relationships were found between DHEA-S concentrations and BMI, then between DHEA-S levels and serum cholesterol, triglycerides and calcium. No modification in the morning serum cortisol was found to be associated with aging. Decrease in DHEA-S levels is, however, clearly associated with this phenomenon. High cortisol/DHEA-S ratio accelerates the occurrence of some adult diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, dementia, and osteoporosis. Generally, the adrenal insufficiency marked by a cognitive impairment, immune disorders, sexual dysfunction, and scores for depression and anxiety can be corrected by a replacement of deficient DHEA-S.
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PMID:Hormonal status of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in an elderly Tunisian population. 1790 95

Life history theorists have proposed that humans have evolved to be sensitive to specific features of early childhood environments and that exposure to different environments biases children toward development of different reproductive strategies, including differential pubertal timing. The current research provides a longitudinal test of this theory. Assessments of family environments, based on interviews with mothers and fathers, were conducted in preschool, and children were then followed prospectively through middle childhood. Adrenal hormones were assayed in a selected subsample of 120 children (73 girls) at age 7, and parent and child reports of secondary sexual characteristics were collected in the full female sample of 180 girls at age 11. Higher quality parental investment (from both mothers and fathers) and less father-reported Marital Conflict/Depression forecast later adrenarche. Older age at menarche in mothers, higher socioeconomic status, greater mother-based Parental Supportiveness, and lower third-grade body mass index each uniquely and significantly predicted later sexual development in daughters. Consistent with a life history perspective, quality of parental investment emerged as a central feature of the proximal family environment in relation to pubertal timing.
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PMID:Family environments, adrenarche, and sexual maturation: a longitudinal test of a life history model. 1798 22

Current studies on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) show significant relationship with depression, which play important role in the course and clinical pictures of the illness. The stress factors may cause disturbances of Limbic System--Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis--LHPA, and initiation both of depression and coronary hearth disease. Current studies show the important role of personality and temperament related to brain functions in pathogenesis both depression and CHD. In patients with CHD the relationship between depressed symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions connected with structural and functional brain abnormalities, especially on prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were detected. The mechanism of depressed symptoms and cognitive disturbances in CHD is still unclear and future studies on these topics are needed. This study is expected to lead to better understanding of etiopathogenesis of CHD and its connections with depression and cognitive dysfunctions and to creation of efficient treatment programs in these disturbances.
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PMID:[Temperament traits, depression and cognitive functioning of patients with coronary heart disease]. 1920 87

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short-term (3-day) simulated microgravity with and without daily dorsoventral gravitation (-G(x)) for 1 h on myogenic tone and vasoconstrictor responsiveness of the middle cerebral artery and mesenteric third-order small artery in rats. The tail-suspension (SUS) model was used to simulate cardiovascular deconditioning due to microgravity. Daily restoring to normal standing (STD) posture for 1 h was adopted to provide -G(x) as the countermeasure. Segments of middle cerebral artery and mesenteric third-order small artery were isolated and cannulated. Vascular diameters in response to increased intraluminal pressure (from 20 mmHg to 120 mmHg, by 20 mmHg steps) of isolated arteries under no-flow conditions were recorded by a Pressure Myograph System in both physiologic salt solution (PSS) (active diameter, Da) and calcium-free PSS (passive diameter, Dp). The myogenic tone was calculated by (Dp-Da)/Dpx100%. Vasoconstrictor responsiveness of the isolated middle cerebral artery to serotonin and that of small mesenteric artery to phenylephrine were assessed in the PSS under an intraluminal pressure of 40 mmHg. The results showed that SUS induced an enhancement of the myogenic tone and vasoconstrictor responsiveness in the isolated middle cerebral artery but a depression of those in the small mesenteric artery. Daily STD for 1 h prevented the depression of myogenic tone and vasoconstrictor responsiveness in the small mesenteric artery, but did not prevent the functional enhancement in the middle cerebral artery. These data suggest that a short-term simulated microgravity may result in different alterations in the function of the cerebral artery and the resistance vessel in the hind-body. Moreover, only the decrease of function in these resistance vessels, not in the cerebral arteries, can be prevented by such a countermeasure of daily STD for 1 h.
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PMID:[Differential effect of simulated microgravity on myogenic tone of middle cerebral and mesenteric small arteries in rats]. 1922 51

Normally, brain tissue copes with negative oxygen balance by increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF). We examined the effects of increasing oxygen demand, by inducing spreading depression (SD) under various oxygen balance states, on brain O2 balance. The Tissue Vitality Monitoring System was used, which enables real time simultaneous in vivo monitoring of CBF, mitochondrial NADH and tissue HbO2 from the same region of the cerebral cortex. SD was induced during normoxia, hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia, and in normal and ischemic brain after systemic epinephrine administration. Under normoxia, hyperoxia and ischemia & epinephrine, the compensation of energy demand induced by SD, was carried out by increasing CBF. The higher oxygen delivery under hyperoxia and epinephrine did not change the pattern of recovery from SD as compared to normoxia, whereas in the ischemic and hypoxic brain, the recovery from SD was prolonged, indicating a lake in oxygen delivery. Epinephrine infusion in the ischemic rat, decreased oxyhemoglobin utilization during SD, indicating that tissue oxygen balance improves even under higher oxygen demand induced by SD.
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PMID:Brain oxygen balance under various experimental pathophysiologycal conditions. 1922 85


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