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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cardiac arrhythmicity of epinephrine and dopamine was compared in awake goats and during approximate equivalent levels of halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, and fluroxene anesthesia. The arrhythmic threshold dose for epinephrine and dopamine was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced during halothane anesthesia when compared to values determined in awake animals. Enflurane anesthesia had no significant affect on the arrhythmic threshold dose for either catecholamine. However, methoxyflurane and fluroxene anesthesia significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated the arrhythmic threshold dose for dopamine. Epinephrine produced greater elevations in mean arterial pressure than dopamine with all anesthetics except enflurane, and dopamine produced significantly (p less than 0.05) higher heart rates in the awake animals and those anesthetized with halothane and enflurane. The authors conclude that, in terms of arrhythmic potential, there is no advantage in the use of dopamine rather than epinephrine for the reversal of halothane-induced myocardial depression during halothane or enflurane anesthesia.
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PMID:Arrhythmic doses of epinephrine and dopamine during halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, and fluroxene anesthesia in goats. 1 72

Subtetanic contractions of the guinea-pig isolated soleus, a slow-contracting skeletal muscle, were evoked by transmural field-stimulation. Isoprenaline caused a dose-dependent depression of the contractions. This effect was inhibited by propranolol and H 35/25 (1-(p-tolyl-2-isopropylamino-1-propanol) but not by practolol. Similar results were obtained for terbutaline. Tazolol and H 80/62 (1-isopropylamino-3-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-propanol (HCl), selective beta1-agonists, had no effect per se but inhibited the effect of terbutaline. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine all caused a dose-dependent decrease in the force of the soleus contractions, their potencies being in that order. Tyramine did not appreciably affect the contractions nor did it inhibit the effect of terbutaline. Pretreatment with reserpine, if anything, increased the response to terbutaline. It is concluded, in conformity with previous in vivo studies, that the adrenergic receptor mediating the effect on the soleus muscle contractions is of the beta2-type. Indirect sympathomimetic effects do not contribute to the responses observed on the isolated soleus muscle.
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PMID:Analysis of the beta-receptor mediated effect on slow-contracting skeletal muscle in vitro. 2 Dec 60

Apart from sufficient experience on the part of the examining physician and adequate technical apparatus, proper premedication can facilitate the procedures for both patient and physician considerably. The paper reports on experience gained in 500 laparoscopies carried out under conditions which were deviated slightly from those hitherto recommended in the literature. The analgesic employed was Tilidine (in Germany: Valoron), and Diazepam was used as a sedative; both of these substances were given intravenously, the vein was kept open for the entire course of the examination. The Tilidine dose was normally 50-100 mg, but under exceptional circumstances as much as 150 mg. Tilidine showed good analgesic effectiveness and tolerance; no case or nausea or vomiting and no sign of respiratory depression of effects on smooth muscle were observed under the conditions stated. The fact that Tilidine is not subject to the restrictions imposed by the German narcotics law is also seen as an advantage. The Diazepam dose was 5-30 mg. Apart from its sedative effect Diazepam also diminishes the tonus of skeletal muscle (important in laparoscopy) and has a relatively long time of elimination (20-48 h). In addition to these two substances, 10-20 ccm of 1% Lidocaine solution with Epinephrine additive was given as a local anaesthetic. The investigators' experience with the above premedication procedure was found to be convincingly positive.
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PMID:[Premedication with valoron (Tilidin) in internal laparoscopy]. 13 78

Adrenal venous blood samples were collected from conscious and anesthetized dogs before and after an injection of pilocarpine and were analyzed for 17-hydroxycorticosteriods (17-OHCS). In conscious dogs the adrenal 17-OHCS secretion rate increased from a pre-injection secretion rate of 0.11 plus or minus 0.014 to 1.58 plus or minus 0.069 (mean plus or minus SE) mug/kg/min following an intravenous injection of pilocarpine (0.3 mg/kg); there was a return to the baseline level by 120 min. In anesthetized dogs a marked increase in adrenal 17-OHCS secretion was also observed, which was completely abolished by hypophysectomy A noticeable impairment of the adrenocortical response to pilocarpine was found to be produced by radio-frequency-current lesions of the anterior median eminence. A partial depression of the response was also observed in dogs with the anterior ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Lesions destroying other hypothalamic areas were found to be without significant effect upon the adrenal cortical secretory response to pilocarpine.
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PMID:Adrenal cortical secretion in response to pilocarpine in dogs with hypothalamic lesions. 16 37

Studies of the diffuse electroretinogram (ERG) and evoked reponses in the optic lobe in the baby chick have shown that epinephrine produces changes in both. Epinephrine produces enhancement of the a-wave and depression of the b- and d-waves in both intact and isolated eyes. In the optic lobe it produces enhancement of both components of the evoked response. The presence of epinephrine in the vertebrate retina and the optic lobe of chicks suggests that these changes may reflect the involvement of epinephrine in synaptic transmission.
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PMID:An adrenergic mechanism for visual neuroregulation. 17 82

Differences in sensitivity to catecholamines between colon and duodenum were examined in tissues from the rat, monitoring the depressive effect of catecholamines on contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh). The sensitivity of colonic tissue to ACh was higher than that of duodenal. Epinephrine (Ep, 10(-7) g/ml) depressed the contractile response to ACh in the colonic tissue, but not in the duodenal. The depressive effect of Ep on the contractile response to ACh is attributed to the stimulation of adrenergic beta-receptors in the colonic tissue as the depression disappeared by pretreatment with propranolol (10(-6) g/ml). There was no difference on the depressive effect of papaverine on the contractile response to ACh, except when low concentrations were used. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-4) g/ml) depressed the contractile responses of both tissues to ACh. After treatment with Ep (10(-7) g/ml), cyclic AMP content was increased in the colonic tissue but not in the duodenal. However, papaverine (3 X 10(-6 g/ml) and a higher dose of Ep(10(-6) g/ml) increased cyclic AMP content in both tissues. The increase of cyclic AMP and the decrease of tension caused by Ep were not correlated in these tissues. However, a positive correlation was observed between the depressive effect of Ep on the contractile response to ACh and the increase of cyclic AMP content in these tissues.
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PMID:Depressive effect of epinephrine mediated via adrenergic beta-receptor in isolated rat colon and duodenum. 19 72

The aim of the study was to quantitatively compare the relative affinities of noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and isoprenaline for the, probably neural, receptors mediating feedback control of sympathetic neurotransmitter secretion. The experiments were carried out in isolated superfused field stimulated guinea-pig vas deferens, in which the noradrenaline stores had been labelled by preincubation with tritiated (-)-noradrenaline. Desipramine and normetanephrine were added to prevent rebinding of transmitter. Exogenous noradrenaline was found to cause a dose-dependent and reversible depression of the secretion of tracer noradrenaline evoked by field stimulation. Since the depressing effect was not affected by a ten-fold rise in the desipramine concentration, it seems likely that it was not due to uptake and preferential secretion of unlabelled exogenous noradrenaline, but was truly due to depression of the secretory mechanism. Adrenaline was significantly more potent than noradrenaline, as inhibitor of the secretion of tracer transmitter, while dopamine, at the same molar concentration, was without effect. The beta-agonist isoprenaline did not depress, but rather tended to enhance, the secretion of tracer noradrenaline. It is concluded that the receptors controlling the secretion of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerves of guinea-pig vas deferens quantitatively-with regard to sensitivity-as well as qualitatively-with regard to order of preference for different catecholamines-resemble the "classical" alpha-receptors of e.g. smooth muscle in the same tissue.
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PMID:Selectivity for catecholamines of presynaptic alpha-receptors involved in feedback control of sympathetic neurotransmitter secretion in guinea-pig vas deferens. 24 Jan 32

Studies of depression associated with oral contraceptive use present conflicting results. Individual susceptibility may affect psychiatric symptoms more than biochemical composition of the pill. In the authors' study 40 women without previous histories of depression were assigned to 4 regimens: 1) mestranol 80 mcg, norethisterone 1.0 mg; 2) pill 1 and pyridoxine; 3) mestranol 5 mcg, norethisterone 1.0 mg; and 4) pill 3 and pyridoxine. Alcohol and other chemicals were avoided. The 40 subjects completed self-reporting ratings on depression and a libido rating. 24 hour urine samples were collected on day 14 and 21 of the menstrual cycle. A brief psychiatric interview was conducted monthly. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 5 HIAA were measured throughout the year long study. 10 women completed 3 cycles. 20 of 10 complained of lethargy, loss of libido, irritability, and moodiness. The study concludes that biochemical and pharmacological effects affect a minority of women. A psychologic and negative placebogenic effect is possible. Depending on the composition of the contraceptive, a differential effect may occur. Sequential pills caused less depression than combination types.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and depression. 44 Dec 35

Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy and with potassium dichromate or potassium iodate for light microscopy. Columnar epinephrine (E) cells formed cords between wide sinusoidal capillaries at the corticomedullary junction and were arranged in palisade fashion along the central vein and its major tributaries. The E cells usually were polarized, with the nuclei located away from the sinusoidal capillaries. Clusters of polygonal norepinephrine (NE) cells formed large central aggregates surrounded by E cells. Granulated vesicles were the predominant cytoplasmic feature of both E and NE cells. Round or oval E granules were bounded by a crenated membrane separated from the granule by a clear halo. The more electron-dense, elongate NE granules were bounded by a closely apposed, smooth membrane. The average longest granule axis was 270 nm for E granules and 305 nm for NE granules. Many cytoplasmic organelles were congregated in a granule-free paranuclear zone, which contained a prominent Golgi complex. Thin nonmyelinated nerve fibers (singly or in small groups) were interposed between the E and NE cells. Nerve fibers often were located close to the nucleus in a depression of the cell surface and often were wrapped by thin E or NE cell processes. The medulla of newborn pigs was composed predominantly or exclusively of NE cells. In both adults and pigs, E or NE cell cords radiated through the cortex toward the capsule, and isolated clusters of E or NE cells frequently were found in the capsule or zona glomerulosa.
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PMID:Certain cytologic features of the porcine adrenal medulla. 69 45

Urinary androgen fractions, with other parameters of adrenal function, were assessed in renal transplant patients on long-term alternate-day steroid therapy. Urinary 17-ketosteroids and plasma cortisol values were low normal or slightly reduced in female patients and normal in male patients. In female patients the following urinary androgen fractions were depressed to less than the normal range: androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, etiocholanolone and 11-ketoetiocholanolone; 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone was not detectable. In male patients dehydroepiandrosterone and 11-ketoetiocholanolone were depressed to less than the normal range. Adrenal scan using 131I-19-cholesterol failed to image the adrenal glands in 5 of 7 patients studied, confirming the lack of an adrenocorticotropic hormone effect, with corresponding depression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These studies demonstrate the value of fractionating urinary 17-ketosteroids in assessing adrenal reserve and are a more sensitive index of adrenal suppression than the total 17-ketosteroids alone.
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PMID:The effects of long-term alternate-day steroids on parameters of adrenal function in renal transplant patients. 77 34


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