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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bombesin acts within the brain to produce a prompt and sustained hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, and relative or absolute hypoinsulinemia. Bombesin does not decrease plasma glucose turnover. Acute adrenalectomy but not hypophysectomy prevents hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia after intracisternal administration of bombesin. Administration of bombesin into the lateral ventricle of awake, unrestrained animals results in elevation of plasma glucose, preceded by a significant increase in plasma epinephrine and no increase in plasma norepinephrine or dopamine. Systemic administration of somatostatin prevents bombesin-induced hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia. These data support the conclusion that bombesin acts within the brain to increase sympathetic outflow resulting in increased adrenalmedullary epinephrine secretion, followed by depression of plasma insulin and elevation of plasma glucagon and glucose.
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PMID:Central nervous system action of bombesin: mechanism to induce hyperglycemia. 46 25

Cardiac catheters were placed in seven healthy conscious patients so that aortic and left ventricular pressures (and the derivative), cardiac output (thermodilution) and myocardial blood flow (argon washin) could be measured. Blood was drawn for measurement of arterial blood-gas and arterial and coronary venous oxygen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and fatty acid values. After induction of anesthesia by inhalation of halothane, the measurements were made during administration of low (0.70%) and high (1.54%) end-tidal halothane concentrations. Myocardial function decreased in a dose-related fashion without a change in heart rate. Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption were depressed in a similar manner. Myocardial oxygen extraction decreased and lactate did not change, suggesting that myocardial oxygenation was adequate. The heart rate-systolic blood pressure product correlated poorly with myocardial oxygen consumption. Systolic blood and the contractile performance index dP/dt/IP were better correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption, but the value of the coefficient was still low. Without significant changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure is the best correlate of myocardial oxygen consumption in healthy man during the myocardial depression produced by halothane.
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PMID:Myocardial metabolism and oxygenation in man awake and during halothane anesthesia. 47 21

The effect of intravenous somatostatin on blood levels of metabolites and hormones has been examined in normal subjects who performed a 30-minute period of bicycle exercises at 70% maximal exercise capacity. The results have been compared with control studies in the same subjects. Measurements were made of blood levels of lactate, glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (hGH) and prolactin. Growth hormone and glucagon release were suppressed during exercise with somatostatin and there was a subsequent elevation during recovery. There was slight post-exercise depression of insulin, but no alteration of plasma prolactin secretion. Blood glucose was reduced during exercise with somatostatin and increased during recovery. The elevation of ketone bodies after exercise was greater in the investigation with somatostatin, but there were no significant changes in other metabolites. Somatostatin, although causing inhibition of hGH release, appeared to have no significant effect upon fatty acid mobilization during exercise.
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PMID:The effect of somatostatin on metabolic and hormonal changes during and after exercise. 47 77

An "endoneurial" preparation from a rabbit tibial nerve fascicle was used to study the ability of peripheral nerve axons and Schwann cells to derive their composite energy requirements from glucose, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, or albumin-bound palmitate, and the effects of insulin in vitro on their composite glucose utilization. Samples incubated with 5 mM glucose for 2 h maintained a stable O2 uptake and P-creatine and ATP concentrations, and they exhibited a slight increase in P-creatine/creatine ratio (the electron microscopic appearance of the preparation was previously shown to be unaltered under these conditions). The rate of glucose oxidation required to account for the O2 uptake accounted for 61% of the glucose uptake. In samples incubated without substrate for 2 h, a marked fall in tissue glucose was associated with a 50% decrease in O2 uptake and with decreases in P-creatine, ATP, and in the P-creatine/creating ratio. In medium lacking glucose but containing 5 mM DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate, a stable rate of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate uptake was observed, and acetoacetate production accounted for only a small fraction; significant decreases in O2 uptake or ATP were prevented, and, although P-creatinde and the P-creatine/creatine ratio fell, they remained significantly higher than after incubation without substrate. An efficient blood-nerve barrier to albumin is known to exist. Medium containing albumin-bound palmitate with molar ratios or palmitate/albumin of 1 or 2 (highest FFA concentration, 1.32 meq/L) failed to prevent decreases in P-creatine, ATP, and in the P-creatine/creatine ratio during incubations without glucose; the associated O2 uptakes suggested that the tissue is susceptible to respiratory uncoupling and depression son exposure to albumin-blund palmitate as compared with non-neural tissue. Insulin (100 or 1000 microU/ml) had no detectable effects on glucose utilization in the endoneurial preparation during 2-h incubations with 5 mM glucose or (U-14C) glucose. In contrast, in epineurial tissue from rabbit sciatic nerve, insulin (100 micronU/ml) increased (U-14C) glucose incorporation into CO2 and total lipid. The neural components of peripheral nerve are probably dependent on glucose as their major substrate for energy production and respiration under most physiologic conditions in which elevated plasma ketone body concentrations are absent; their composite glucose utilization is not subject to acute, direct regulation by insulin in concentrations that might reasonably be derived from plasma insulin of pancreatic origin.
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PMID:In vitro studies of the substrates for energy production and the effects of insulin on glucose utilization in the neural components of peripheral nerve. 47 82

1. Water absorption and cytoplasmic dipeptidase activities were determined in isolated rat small intestine after animals had fed on various 'elemental' diets or a standard rat diet and after a single injection of 5-fluorouracil. 2. Vivonex diets were associated with a decrease in dry weight of the small intestine and an increase in glucose and water absorption in vitro. 3. The nature of the dietary nitrogen profoundly affects the activities of intestinal peptidases. 4. Water absorption was severly depressed 3 days after 5-fluorouracil administration: the extent of depression was independent of the diet. Thus, any ameliorative effects of 'elemental' diets on 5-fluorouracil toxicity are unlikely to be mediated by direct protection of intestinal absorption.
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PMID:Effects of 'elemental' diets on absorptive and enzymic activities and on 5-fluorouracil toxicity in rat small intestine. 48 33

The effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon and insulin secretion was examined in fed and fasted sheep. This was related to changes in glucose production. Infusion of SRIF at 80 micrograms/h caused a marked reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations. However, the insulin response to SRIF infusion was not consistent; its concentrations decreased occasionally, but often did not change. The depression of glucagon was not associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose concentrations in either fed or fasted sheep, but was associated with a reduction in glucose production by 12--15%. The inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose production was not markedly increased by glucagon deficiency. Infusion of insulin at 1.17 U/h with SRIF decreased glucose production only an additional 10%. Thus, it appears that under basal conditions pancreatic hormonal influences on hepatic glucose production were relatively small in sheep. This implies that under normal conditions in sheep, substrate supply has a much greater impact on hepatic glucogenesis than do hormones.
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PMID:Effect of somatostatin suppression of glucagon secretion on glucose production in sheep. 49 97

42 horses were examined. The physical signs with relation to circulatory insufficiency and the abdominal disease were registered following a two-phased examination procedure. Great prognostic value was found in the degree of circulatory insufficiency judged by pulse rate and character, filling of the jugular vein, skin temperature, colour of mucous membranes, capillary refill time, sweating, depression, skin turgor and degree of enophthalmus. In making a causal diagnosis the abdomen was examined for shape, tenderness, peristaltic sounds, gastric dilation by siphoning, abnormal rectal findings and macroscopic changes in peritoneal fluid. Greatest diagnostic difficulties were encountered in cases of intestinal atonia, acute enteritis and torsion of the colon. In selected (severe) cases laboratory tests were obtained. Blood samples were examined for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, differential white blood cell count, blood gases and acid-base status, lactate, serum total protein and albumin, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, creatinine, BUN, total bilirubin, ASAT, CK, BASP and GGT. Peritoneal fluid was examined for red blood and white cell counts, total protein, specific gravity, pH and lactate, and enzymes as in blood. Laboratory results generally confirmed the clinical signs of shock, and packed cell volume and blood lactate were regarded to be of greatest prognostic interest. Although the performed laboratory information, macroscopic evaluation was thought to reveal sufficient information in most cases. It was concluded that supervening shock is of decisive importance in severe forms of colic, and that a careful and repeated evaluation of the circulatory insufficiency often provides one with a tentative prognosis although the final diagnosis is not obtained. In spite of therapy fatal outcome was found in all seriously shocked horses.
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PMID:Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. 52 9

Semiacute toxicity of cola fluid, Coca-Cola, conducting for approximately a month in rats, was studied. A trend of cariogenicity of Coca-Cola was strongly indicated. When the fluid was given ad libitum, decarbonized Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution, consisted 8% of glucose and 3.5% of sugar and then adjusted pH to 2.4 with oxalic acid, were consumed 2 to 3 times greater than the control (water). A hyperuresis was observed as the result of great consumption of liquid, but no liver nor kidney degeneration was observed by histopathological examination. The diet consumption of the groups of Coca-Cola and carbohydrate solution was approximately a half of the control, water. However, when a complete diet was given, no physiological difference in time was observed, except in diarrhea and depression of hair gloss in Coca-Cola group.
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PMID:Deleterious effect of short-term exposure to Coca-Cola on rats. 54 85

1. The influence of partial hepatectomy on urinary concentrating ability and renal tissue sodium was determined in conscious rats deprived of water for 24 h. In comparison with a sham operation, partial hepatectomy resulted in: a) a 50% reduction in free-water reabsorption, urinary osmolality, and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio; b) depression of free-water reabsorption at similar levels of osmolal clearance above 200 microliter/min per ml of GFR during the infusion of hypertonic NaCl and vasopressin; and c) a 30% reduction in sodium content of the renal papilla and outer medulla. 2. The renal response to an intravenous water load (2.5% glucose infused to 2.5% of body wt at 0.4 ml/min) was determined in sham-operated and partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. By 60 min after the water load, both groups had excreted practically all of the load. However, during and for 30 min after the infusion in the partially hepatectomized group, the percent of the water load excreted, urine flow, and free-water clearance were significantly reduced while urinary osmolality and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio were significantly elevated. 3. These experiments demonstrate that shortly after partial removal of the liver the renal concentrating ability is defective and the excretion of a water load is not grossly impaired.
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PMID:Concentration and dilution of the urine in partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. 56 70

Exogenous ATP has been shown earlier to activate a permeability change in transformed 3T3 cultures leading to massive efflux of the acid-soluble pools. This leads to reduction of the basal rate of glycolysis to a very low level so that glycolysis becomes almost totally dependent on the addition to the medium of glucose, inorganic phosphate and ADP in order to restore the rate to that of untreated cells. No such depression of glycolysis is observed in untreated transformed cells or in ATP-treated normal 3T3 cells. In such permeabilized cultures, phosphorylated intermediates such as glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate can serve as effective substrates for lactic acid formation. ATP treatment of cultured cells also allows molecules as big as NADP to enter the cells and participate in the pentose phosphate shunt pathway. This ability to temporarily and differentially render transformed cells permeable allows a review of several aspects of cellular metabolism and biosynthesis in the intact cell where the cellular organization is maintained. Furthermore, it deserves serious consideration as a means to achieve differential cytotoxicity of transformed cells by chemotherapeutic agents which, on their own, are indiscriminate in their action.
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PMID:Control of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt in transformed 3T3 cultures rendered permeable by ATP. 56 77


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