Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zoloft (sertraline hydrochloride) is one of the antidepressant medications used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. The practice of embalming a cadaver is common, yet it may create problems for forensic toxicologists if the case was not previously suspected to involve drug overdose. According to the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction, drugs containing a secondary amine group react with formaldehyde to give N-methyl derivatives. Sertraline has a secondary amine group; therefore, we predicted that it may react with formalin to give N-methyl derivatives. The stability of sertraline in formalin solution was studied at three different concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20%) and at three different pHs (3.0, 7.0, and 9.5) for a period of 30 days. Setraline and its degraded products were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using chloroform, and the concentrated extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron impact ionization mode. The rate of conversion is rapid at higher pH. Sertraline was totally converted to the N-methyl derivative after 30 days in 10% and 20% formalin solutions at neutral and basic conditions. Therefore, forensic toxicologists should be cautious when performing a death investigation if formalin solution is the only sample available for analysis. This work shows that analysis for parent drug or its N-methyl derivative may provide data that will reduce the likelihood of false negatives.
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PMID:Conversion of sertraline to N-methyl sertraline in embalming fluid: a forensic implication. 1687 72

To investigate mechanisms by which diabetes alters sensory processing, we measured levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in spinal dialysates from awake, unrestrained control and diabetic rats under resting conditions and following hind paw formalin injection. Under resting conditions, glutamate concentrations in spinal dialysates were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in diabetic rats compared to those of control rats whereas aspartate, taurine, glycine and citrulline remained unchanged and GABA was significantly (P<0.05) increased. Noxious stimulation of the hind paw by subcutaneous injection of 0.5% formalin into the dorsum caused a defined flinching behavior in the afflicted paw, and the amount of flinching was significantly (P<0.05) greater in diabetic rats than in controls. Paw formalin injection significantly (P<0.05) increased dialysate levels of glutamate, aspartate, taurine, glycine and citrulline by 3- to 4-fold above basal in both control and diabetic rats. The concentration of glutamate in dialysate samples collected immediately after paw formalin injection remained significantly (P<0.05) lower in diabetic rats compared to those in controls. Formalin injection did not alter dialysate GABA concentrations in control rats, whereas in diabetic rats there was an increase of 151+/-15% above basal levels. These findings indicate that the selective depression of basal and stimulus-evoked glutamate levels in the spinal cord of diabetic rats occurs in parallel with elevated spinal GABA levels. Because increased pain-associated behavior is accompanied by an attenuated spinal glutamate spike following paw formalin injection, hyperalgesia in diabetic rats does not appear to be secondary to enhanced glutamatergic input to the spinal cord.
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PMID:Impaired formalin-evoked changes of spinal amino acid levels in diabetic rats. 1692 81

Formalin administered (15 and 20 mL) into the crops of White Leghorn cockerels resulted in behavioral alterations, included depression, dullness, staggering, somnolence, anorexia, and decreased frequency of crowing. A significant decrease was observed in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and leukocyte counts in birds fed higher levels of formalin. Decreasing and increasing trends in concentrations of serum proteins and enzymes, respectively, were observed with increases in formalin doses. Significantly lower blood glucose and testosterone levels and significantly (P < 0.05) higher blood urea and creatinine concentrations were observed in birds fed higher formalin levels. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed in the birds fed different levels of formalin mixed in feed. These changes suggested that the formalin mixed in feed might have evaporated, and, hence, the amount ingested might have been too low to induce pathological changes. It was concluded from the present study that formalin mixed up to 5 mL/kg of feed, corresponding to 10 mL/bird of 3% formalin in drinking water by crop tube had no adverse effects on the health of White Leghorn cockerels.
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PMID:Effects of formalin feeding or administering into the crops of white leghorn cockerels on hematological and biochemical parameters. 1697 35

Inhaled gases can cause respiratory depression by irritating (stimulating) nerves in the nasal cavity. Respiratory depression, in turn, decreases the rate of delivery of those gases to the stimulated nerves, potentially leading to a complex feedback response. In order to better understand how the nervous system responds to such chemicals, a mathematical model is created to describe how the presence of irritants affects respiration in the rat. The ordinary differential equation model describes the dosimetry of these reactive gases in the respiratory tract, with particular focus on the physiology of the upper respiratory tract, and on the neurological control of respiration rate due to signaling from the irritant-responsive nerves in the nasal cavity. The ventilation equation is altered to account for an apparent change in dynamics between the initial ventilation decrease and the recovery to steady state as seen in formaldehyde exposure data. Further, the model is evaluated and improved through optimization of particular parameters to describe formaldehyde-induced respiratory response data and through sensitivity analysis. The model predicts the formaldehyde data well, and hence the model is thought to be a reasonable description of the physiological system of sensory irritation. The model is also expected to translate well to other irritants.
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PMID:Sensory irritation response in rats: modeling, analysis and validation. 1791 57

Our recent results show the efficacy of pain suppression by exposure of antinociceptive acupuncture points (APs) to white polarized (P) light. But it is known that white light contains electromagnetic waves of different length (colors) and, possibly, not all of them produce a similar effect. There are no comparative data about analgesic affects of the different colors of P light now. The purpose of this study was to clear up a question if analgesic effects of low-intensive P light depend on the color of light/wavelength. Formalin-induced pain behavior (licking of the painful area) was tested in control mice and mice exposed to one of the color of P light (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet) on the painful area or AP E-36. Exposure of the painful area or AP E-36 to color P light evoked a statistically significant decrease of the licking time in mice to 31.5-64.1% and 36.1-54.4% respectively. The red light was the most effective for pain behavior depression, analgesia averaged 64.1% and 54.4% accordingly. The analgesic effects of red light in compare to three "cold" colors (blue, green, and violet) and white light was more pronounced in case of its application on the painful area than on AP E-36. In conclusion, the intensity of analgesic effects of P lights strongly depends on its color (wavelength).
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PMID:Antinociceptive effects of color polarized light in animal with formalin test. 1952 60

Eight animals died from 1 to 6 years after the operation, from undetermined diseases, or from pneumonia. Two animals are still alive 7 years after the operation. 1. Condition of the Pleural and Pericardial Cavities.-In the first experiments, extensive pleural and pericardial adhesions were observed 1 year and more after the patching of the pulmonary artery. There was also a great deal of fibrous tissue between the pulmonary artery, the aorta, and the left auricle. In the other experiments, the adhesions of the lungs, pleura, and pericardium were less marked. This was due to some improvements in the technique of handling the viscera. At the time of the operations, it was hoped that no pleural or pericardial adhesions would occur. Great care was taken not to injure the endothelial surfaces by rough handling or by sponging. No blood was allowed to flow into the pleural cavity. The surface of the pericardium was protected by fine silk membranes. The pleural cavity was occluded by thick pads made of cotton and Japanese silk. It seemed that the serous surfaces were almost completely protected against infection and mechanical irritation. The occurrence of primary pleurisy and pericarditis was prevented by this technique. But the development of adhesions in several of the experiments shows that the procedures for the handling of the viscera should be perfected. 2. Condition of the Arterial Wall.-In the experiments in which the orifice was patched, a slight dilatation of the artery was observed. It was not possible to ascertain from the specimen preserved in formaldehyde whether or not there was an insufficiency of the valves. It is probable that there was no leakage, as in none of these cases could any diastolic murmur be heard 6 months after the operation. The only animal which presented clinical evidence of pulmonary insufficiency died during the War. The normal condition of the pulmonary orifice was due to the incision which did not extend far enough on the ventricle, and to the power of redintegration possessed by an organ which is not diseased. The cicatrization of the grafted flap was excellent. Its outline could not be seen on the external side of the wall. Even after opening the artery, the transplant could not be located easily. However, in Experiment 1 the anterior wall of the artery showed a depression about 7 or 8 mm. wide, 18 mm. long, and 2 or 3 mm. deep, behind and above the anterior valve. But the flap was made of human artery, and it is known that a heteroplastic graft always undergoes some dilatation. When transplants of dog tissue were used, no dilatation occurred and the location of the patch could hardly be detected. In Experiment 7, 6 years after the operation, the endothelial surface was smooth, glistening, and no scar could be seen. However, the upper and lower parts of the incision were marked by a slight depression of the wall. The presence of the patch was detected by a distinct thickening of the wall. Although the edges of the incision had not been sutured to the edges of the flap, the endothelial surface was quite smooth. A transverse section of the artery was made through the middle part of the flap in Experiment 4. It showed the width of the arterial opening and the way in which the transplant became adherent to the arterial wall. The examination of these four specimens demonstrated that, in spite of the unfavorable location of the graft, an excellent union had taken place. It showed that homoplastic or heteroplastic tissue can be transplanted onto the pulmonary artery as well as onto the smaller arteries. Where the arterial wall had simply been incised without interposition of a patch, a linear scar was always found. 6 years after the operation, the incision used in the course of an operation for cauterization of the sigmoid and sutured with heavy thread was transformed into a linear scar and the surface of the intima was quite smooth. 3. Condition of the Sigmoid Valves.-In three experiments, the sigmoid valves had been cauterized along their margin and their point of insertion in the artery. One of the animals was still living 7 years after the operation. There was no diastolic murmur. The other animals died 3 and 6 years after the operation. The valves were thin and transparent, and quite normal. However, one of the valves showed two holes, one near the base and the other near the margin. The animal on which the section of the right posterior valve without suture was performed, died 2 or 3 years after the operation. The edges of the incision had not united. They were thickened and the whole valve was rigid. The surface was rough and irregular. No permanent result was obtained by the union of two sigmoid valves by a stitch. There was no stenosis of the orifice, and no union of the valves 4 years after the operation. The stitch had disappeared. There was some scar tissue at the common point of insertion of the posterior valves, which were more rigid and showed thickened edges. 7 years after the section and suture of a sigmoid had been performed, the animal was still living and in good health. No diastolic murmur could be detected.
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PMID:REMOTE RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ON THE PULMONARY ORIFICE OF THE HEART. 1986 69

Fospropofol, a phosphorylated prodrug version of the popular induction agent propofol, is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active propofol, formaldehyde, and phosphate. Pharmacodynamic studies show fospropofol provides clinically useful sedation and EEG/bispectral index suppression while causing significantly less respiratory depression than propofol. Pain at the injection site, a common complaint with propofol, was not reported with fospropofol; the major patient complaint was transitory perianal itching during the drug's administration. Although many clinicians believe fospropofol can safely be given by a registered nurse, the FDA mandated that fospropofol, like propofol, must be used only in the presence of a trained anesthesia provider.
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PMID:Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation: clinical utility of fospropofol. 2005 94

We aimed to elucidate the role of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in adenosine analgesia in the formalin test. Formalin was injected into the hind paw of male CD-1 mice after injection of adenosine A(1) or A(2a) receptor agonists, CPA, [N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine], and CGS21680 [2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenylethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride]. In the behavioral experiment, alpha(1)-adrenoceptors were blocked by an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, 0.01 mg/kg i.p., and the time mice spent paw licking was recorded for the early (0-15 min) and late (15-60 min) phase of formalin pain. In the neurochemical experiments, mice were killed 15 or 45 min after formalin injection. The density of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors was assessed in various brain areas and in the lumbar spinal cord by [(3)H]prazosin autoradiography. Adenosine agonists produced analgesia in both phases of formalin pain, while prazosin showed a tendency to pronociceptive action in the late phase, and antagonized the effect of CGS21680. After formalin injection, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor density was elevated in some brain areas, mainly in the late phase (some contralateral amygdaloid and ipsilateral thalamic nuclei) and depressed in others (early phase in the ipsilateral spinal cord and late phase in both ipsi- and contralateral sensorimotor cortex). Elevation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor density, which may be interpreted as a defensive response, did not develop in several cases of CPA-pretreated mice. This suggests that the analgesic effect of adenosine A(1) receptor activation renders the defensive response unnecessary. The depression of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors may suggest development of hypersensitivity in a given structure, and this was antagonized by CGS21680, suggesting the role of A(2a) receptors in control of inflammatory formalin pain.
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PMID:Changes induced by formalin pain in central alpha1-adrenoceptor density are modulated by adenosine receptor agonists. 2030 90

Altered pain responding in depression is a widely recognized but poorly understood phenomenon. The present study investigated nociceptive responding to acute (thermal and mechanical) and persistent (inflammatory) noxious stimuli in two animal models of depression, the olfactory bulbectomized (OB) and the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. In addition, this study examined if altered nociceptive behaviour was associated with changes in monoamine levels in discrete brain regions. OB rats exhibited mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) but not thermal hyperalgesia (hot plate and tail-flick tests) when compared to sham-operated counterparts. Formalin-induced nociceptive behaviour was both heightened and prolonged in OB versus sham-operated controls. An inverse correlation was observed between 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in the hippocampus and amygdaloid cortex and nociceptive behaviour in the formalin test. In comparison, WKY rats exhibited thermal hyperalgesia in the hot plate test, while behaviour in the tail-flick and von Frey tests did not differ between WKY and Sprague-Dawley rats. Furthermore, WKY rats exhibited enhanced formalin-evoked nociceptive responding up to 40 min post administration, an effect inversely correlated with serotonin and 5-HIAA levels in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that altered pain responding observed in clinically depressed patients can be modelled pre-clinically, providing a means of investigating the neurochemical basis of, and possible treatments for, this phenomenon.
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PMID:Enhanced nociceptive responding in two rat models of depression is associated with alterations in monoamine levels in discrete brain regions. 2095 67

Adsorption of methanol and its dehydrogenation on Cu(110) were studied by using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Upon adsorption at 12 K, methanol preferentially forms clusters on the surface. The STM could induce dehydrogenation of methanol sequentially to methoxy and formaldehyde. This enabled us to study the binding structures of these products in a single-molecule limit. Methoxy was imaged as a pair of protrusion and depression along the [001] direction. This feature is fully consistent with the previous result that it adsorbs on the short-bridge site with the C-O axis tilted along the [001] direction. The axis was induced to flip back and forth by vibrational excitations with the STM. Two configurations were observed for formaldehyde, whose structures were proposed based on their characteristic images and motions.
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PMID:Imaging sequential dehydrogenation of methanol on Cu(110) with a scanning tunneling microscope. 2154 2


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