Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This investigation studied the effect of two intravenous benzodiazepines and the specific reversal agent, flumazenil, on the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes. In a blinded, randomised, crossover study, we have investigated the effect of a single dose of diazepam ('Diazemuls') (0.2 mg.kg-1) and midazolam (0.07 mg.kg-1), both given intravenously on the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes in eight male volunteers. Reflex sensitivity was assessed by identification of reflex glottic closure in response to a threshold concentration of inhaled ammonia vapour. Both diazepam and midazolam produced significant depression of upper airway reflex sensitivity. This was maximum with both drugs within 10 min of administration, but baseline sensitivity was regained within 60 min. Flumazenil (300 micrograms) administered 10 min after midazolam, resulted in significant reversal of the upper airway reflex sensitivity depression.
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PMID:The effect of intravenously administered diazepam, midazolam and flumazenil on the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes. 812 18

Twenty patients suffering from bulimia nervosa received 50-150 mg fluvoxamine daily for a period of 8 weeks. Primary end-points included the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), the Severity Index of Bulimic Condition (BINGE), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores, and the number of binge eating episodes per week. Other variables assessed included the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale and adverse experience checklist. Compared with baseline, total EDI scores increased significantly from 137.8 to 155.3 after 8 weeks of fluvoxamine treatment (p < .001); CGI score fell significantly from 3.5 to 2.3 (p < .01) during this period. The mean number of binge eating episodes recorded by patients significantly decreased (p < .001). Further significant improvements in bulimic behavior were noted using the BINGE questionnaire. Nine of 20 patients complained of adverse experiences, all of which were mild; the most common symptoms were somnolence (n = 4) and insomnia (n = 3). Fluvoxamine appears to be a safe and effective treatment for bulimia nervosa.
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PMID:Open trial of fluvoxamine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. 819 4

The effects of electroconvulsive seizure and anti-convulsant drugs on induction of mRNA of heat shock protein were studied in mouse brain. Electrical shock induced mRNA of heat shock cognate protein (HSC70), but not heat shock protein (HSP70) mRNA. The induction was maximum 1 h after the ECS and continued for several hours, followed by long-lasting depression. Diazepam slightly prevented the ECS, but strongly attenuated the induction of HSC70 mRNA. Whereas phenytoin, which blocked the seizure, did not decrease but delayed the induction of HSC70 mRNA. The present results suggest that HSC70 mRNA level is increased with the ECS and that the induction level did not necessarily correlate the severity of the seizure.
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PMID:Correlation between electroconvulsive seizure and HSC70 mRNA induction in mice brain. 823 52

Diazepam used in the treatment of eclampsia crosses the placental barrier readily, and may cause various clinical effects in the neonates. Twenty-five (25) live born babies of eclamptic mothers receiving diazepam were studied and cord blood diazepam concentration was estimated. Effect of low dose of diazepam is minimal apart from lowering of rectal temperature and the effects lasted for a period of 12 hours. But high dose (> 30 mg) of diazepam and prolonged duration of diazepam therapy in mothers causes significant depression of the newborn and the effects lasted for a period of 36-48 hours. As the clinical condition of the newborn is not related to the diazepam concentration in cord blood, the cord blood estimation is not helpful in the assessment of clinical effects of the drug in newborn. The tissue storage of the drug in newborn appears to be responsible for the clinical effects.
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PMID:Cord blood diazepam: clinical effects in neonates of eclamptic mothers. 824 1

To investigate factorial construct validity of a measurement scale of fatigue symptoms in junior high school students, a questionnaire which consisted of Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index (CFSI) and Psychological Condition Test (PCT) was administered on 289 students in Okinawa. Reliability coefficients were 0.607-0.811 for CFSI scales. A principal factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied to CFSI. In boys, 4 factors were extracted; general psychological symptoms, fatigue, emotional instability, and decreased morale and vitality. In girls, 4 factors were extracted; depression and anxiety, decreased morale and vitality, fatigue, and irritability. The same procedure was applied to PCT. In boys, 4 factors were extracted; negative feeling, vigor, inferiority complex, and fatigue. In girls, 4 factors were extracted; negative feeling, anger, vigor, and fatigue. Among factors derived from CFSI and PCT, the fatigue factor of CFSI was correlated with that of PCT. The factors concerning psychological symptoms of CFSI were correlated with those of PCT. However, the vigor factor of PCT was not correlated with any other factors. These results suggest that CFSI in junior high school students had factorial construct validity.
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PMID:[Factorial construct validity of a measurement scale of fatigue in junior high school students]. 826 75

Benzodiazepines (BZs), which have been marketed by pharmaceutical companies since the sixties, are the most commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs. Diazepam, the prototype of this class of drugs, has a vast spectrum of therapeutic indications. It possesses, over a narrow dose-range, the well-known neuropsychopharmacological profile consisting of anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects, and CNS depression. Recently, BZ ligands that retain anxiolytic and antiepileptic properties at doses that are unable to produce a CNS depression have been developed. The pharmacological profiles of these drugs are discussed in light of: the heterogeneity of the structure of the GABAA receptor complex; intrinsic efficacy of the ligand; action of the BZ ligand on the mitochondrial BZ receptor.
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PMID:Physiological and pharmacological bases for the diverse properties of benzodiazepines and their congeners. 839 72

This study assessed the effects of group induction procedures that are practical in their administration (written format) and also individualized. Fifty-four females and 36 males were assigned randomly to one of three conditions. Conditions One and Two consisted of subjects being asked to think of the two saddest or two happiest events of their lives, respectively. Condition Three consisted of a control condition in which subjects were asked to read a geography article. The procedure produced marked decreases in depression (p < .001) and anxiety (p = .001) as mood states in Condition One (happy events) and marked increases in depression (p < .001) and anxiety (p < .001) in Condition Two (sad events). These procedures are particularly suitable for mood induction in a group setting.
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PMID:The effects of written autobiographical recollection induction procedures on mood. 840 84

Anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists have been shown to modulate the expression of nerve agent-induced seizures. This study examined whether the anticonvulsant actions of these drugs varied depending on the duration of prior seizure activity. Rats implanted with electrodes to record electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were pretreated with the oxime HI-6 (125 mg/kg, IP) to prolong survival, and then challenged with a convulsant dose of the nerve agent soman (180 micrograms/kg, SC); treatment compounds (scopolamine, diazepam, MK-801, atropine, benactyzine, and trihexyphenidyl) were delivered IV at specific times after seizure onset. Both diazepam and MK-801 displayed a similar profile of activity: At both short or long times after seizure initiation the anticonvulsant efficacy of each drug remained the same. Diazepam, and especially MK-801, enhanced the lethal actions of soman by potentiating the respiratory depressant effects of the agent; scopolamine given prior to diazepam or MK-801 protected against the respiratory depression. Scopolamine and atropine showed a dose- and time-dependent effectiveness; the longer the seizure progressed the higher the dose of drug required to terminate the seizure, with eventual loss of anticonvulsant activity if the seizure had progressed for 40 min. In contrast, benactyzine and trihexyphenidyl showed a third profile of activity: There was a smaller increase in drug dosage required for anticonvulsant activity as seizure duration increased, and both drugs could terminate seizures that had progressed for 40 min. The early anticonvulsant action of anticholinergics is interpreted as a specific effect that blocks the primary cholinergic excitatory drive that initiates, and first maintains, nerve agent seizures. If allowed to progress, the seizure activity itself recruits excitatory neurotransmitter systems (i.e., NMDA) that eventually maintain the seizure independent of the initial cholinergic drive. This is indicated by the eventual ineffectiveness of scopolamine and atropine as the duration of the seizure progresses. Diazepam and MK-801 appear to act to moderate nerve agent seizures by enhancing inhibitory activity (diazepam) or dampening the secondarily activated noncholinergic excitatory system (MK-801). Benactyzine and trihexyphenidyl represent compounds that possibly have both anticholinergic and NMDA antagonistic properties.
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PMID:Pharmacological modulation of soman-induced seizures. 851 3

There are many different ways to experience one's life and aging as meaningful. The present study looks for different patterns of personal meaning in the elderly. Respondents were 376 older adults (221 women and 155 men), their mean age was 65.9 years. They completed several standardized questionnaires including measures of sources of meaning (SOMP), ultimate meaning (PMI), life satisfaction (LSIA), depression (SRDS), anxiety (STAI), coping orientations (COAP), and death attitudes (DAP-R). A cluster analysis performed on the sources of meaning revealed three groups each with a different pattern of meaning. The smallest group I (n=23) found most meaning in values that indicate self-preoccupation. Self-transcendent sources of meaning were on the top of the hierarchy of values of the second group II (n=123). The third and largest group III (n=230) valued self-transcendent sources of meaning as well as sources of meaning that indicate self-realisation. The three clusters also differed with regard to ultimate meaning (group I having the highest and group III the lowest score), well-being (group I reporting more depressive feelings and more feelings of anxiety than group II and group III), coping with aging (group III reporting most instrumental coping), and death attitude (group II having the most positive attitude).
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PMID:[Personal meaning in the elderly: sources of meaning, welfare, coping and attitude to death]. 862 84

This study was performed to determine the cardiovascular responses to isoflurane in euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. Four healthy mixed-breed dogs were studied prior to thyroidectomy (PRE), 6 months after thyroidectomy (HYP), and after 2 months of oral supplementation with 1-thyroxine (SUP). Heart rate (HR), cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were determined in awake dogs and in the same dogs when end-tidal isoflurane concentration were 1.28%, 1.92%, and 2.56%. Ventilation was controlled in anesthetized dogs and PACO2 maintained between 38 to 42 mm Hg. Isoflurane caused significant (P < .05) dose-dependent reduction in Q, SV, SAP, DAP, and MAP in the PRE, HYP, and SUP dogs. Cardiac output was lower in the HYP dogs than in the PRE or SUP dogs during awake measurement. TPR was increased in the awake HYP dogs compared with the PRE or SUP dogs. During anesthesia, HYP dogs tended to have lower Q, SV, SAP, and MAP PRE or SUP groups, but the only significant reduction was SAP during 1.5 MAC. The cardiovascular responses to isoflurane in hypothyroid dogs are similar to euthyroid animals with a dose-dependent depression in Q, SV, and arterial pressure.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effects of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 minimum alveolar concentrations of isoflurane in experimentally induced hypothyroidism in dogs. 892 95


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