Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine inhibits nociceptive motor responses and activity in ascending axons evoked by stimulation of nociceptive afferent nerve fibers (nociceptive sensory response) in the rat. The i.t. administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide and ceruletide inhibits nociceptive motor responses, but does not affect ascending nociceptive activity. This shows that drug-induced depression of nociceptive motor responses is not always associated with depression of the nociceptive sensory response of the spinal cord. The microiontophoretic application of substance P excites single dorsal horn neurons that respond to noxious stimulation, whereas the i.t. administration of substance P inhibits both nociceptive motor and sensory responses. Thus, the results obtained from the i.t. administration of a drug may differ from those obtained from its application to single spinal neurons. Diazepam inhibits spinal reflexes and may reduce pain sensation in humans. To assess whether a spinal action is involved in the pain-relieving effect of diazepam, experiments were carried out on spinalized rats in which activity evoked by the stimulation of nociceptive and nonnociceptive afferent nerve fibers of the sural nerve was recorded from single ascending axons below the site of spinal cord transection. Diazepam, 20 micrograms i.t., reduced activity evoked by afferent A delta and C fiber stimulation and by stimulation of afferent A beta fibers. The depressant effect caused by diazepam, 2 mg/kg i.v., on C fiber-evoked ascending activity was reduced by the i.t. injection of the benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788 (40 micrograms), an imidazodiazepine. It is concluded that the depression by diazepam of C fiber-evoked ascending activity contributes to pain relief caused by the drug.
 ...
PMID:Depression of nociceptive sensory activity in the rat spinal cord due to the intrathecal administration of drugs: effect of diazepam. 609 60

Effects of a new minor tranquilizer, CS-386 and diazepam were studied upon the gastric contraction and excitation of lumbar gamma-motoneurons following stimulation of some of the brain structures as well as upon the spontaneous gastric motility in the cat. CS-386 inhibited the hypothalamus-induced gastric contraction with little changes in spontaneous motility at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg (i.d.). Diazepam inhibited both the hypothalamus-induced contraction and spontaneous motility at these doses. The vagal nerve-induced gastric contraction was suppressed by diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.d.) but not by the same dose of CS-386. Bemegride (5 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized almost completely the depression caused by 5 mg/kg of CS-386, but not that by a dose of 10 mg/kg or 5 as well as 10 mg/kg of diazepam. Excitation of the lumbar gamma-motoneuron following stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus or the mesencephalic reticular formation was depressed by CS-386 or diazepam (10 mg/kg, p.o.), but not by lower doses. Based on the these evidences, it was suggested that CS-386 could be effective in stress-induced gastric lesions with lower side effects in digestive organs than diazepam.
 ...
PMID:Effects of CS-386 and diazepam upon the gastric contraction and excitation of lumbar gamma-motoneurons following stimulation of the hypothalamus in the cat. 611 Jul 18

This paper presents the usage of psychotropic drugs by all general inpatients of a Boston teaching and referral hospital on a randomly chosen weekday. Of all surveyed inpatients, 42.8% were receiving at least one psychotropic medication. Sleep medications were the most frequently prescribed class of psychotropic drugs and flurazepam was the most commonly prescribed of all drugs. Phenothiazine and neuroleptics were given to control agitation, pain, or nausea, rather than psychosis. Antidepressants were prescribed without notated justification in the medical record, and if given for depression, were underdosed. Diazepam was the most frequently prescribed antianxiety drug and was the most frequently prescribed psychotropic drug after flurazepam. Psychotropic drug polypharmacy was common, with the average patient receiving seven different drugs. Remedial approaches to this widespread problem are recommended.
 ...
PMID:Psychotropic drug use and polypharmacy in a general hospital. 611 14

As one index of sympathetic reactivity, electrodermal responses (EDR) were evoked from central (hypothalamic) and peripheral (ulnar nerve) sites in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. When compared with intravenous chlorpromazine (ED50 approximately 1.0 mg/kg), only thioridazine, trifluoperazine, and pimozide were less potent than chlorpromazine in reducing the amplitude of these centrally-evoked sympathetic-cholinergic responses. Perphenazine and methotrimeprazine (a non-neuroleptic phenothiazine) were about twice as potent as chlorpromazine. Haloperidol and triflupromazine were about 5 times as potent and chlorprothixine was more than 10 times as potent. None of these agents reduced the peripherally-evoked electrodermal response, indicating a CNS mode of action. Diazepam was without effect at either site. In addition, pretreatment with yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg. i.v.) did not significantly alter the ED50 for any of the above drugs. These results demonstrate that all of the phenothiazines and non-phenothiazine neuroleptics tested produce a dose-dependent central sympatho-inhibition and that diazepam does not. The results also suggest that there is no significant correlation between central sympatho-inhibition and the antipsychotic potency of these compounds and that their depression of central sympathetic outflow is independent of alpha-adrenergic mechanisms in the CNS.
 ...
PMID:A quantitative assessment of CNS sympatho-inhibition produced by psychotropic drugs. 612 1

The anxiolytic properties of buspirone were assessed in a 4-week double-blind study in 240 anxious patients, 81 of whom received buspirone, 81 diazepam, and 78 placebo. Patients were required to have scores greater than or equal to 9 on the Covi and greater than or equal to 18 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, and to endorse at least 5 items on a 17-item Anxiety Entry Checklist. Among 212 evaluable patients, those who improved most were married, well-educated females who had both a positive family adjustment and a low level of depression. Diazepam produced relatively equal improvement in females and males. Diazepam seems more effective in reducing somatic symptoms, while buspirone appears more effective in reducing symptoms associated with cognitive and interpersonal problems. Main differences between the drugs were seen in side effect profiles.
 ...
PMID:Buspirone and diazepam in anxiety: a controlled study. 613 78

It has been suggested that the neuroleptic-induced acute dyskinetic syndrome in monkeys may be a useful model of extrapyramidal dysfunction. Various drugs that have well-characterized effects on clinical extrapyramidal syndromes and on catecholaminergic, cholinergic, or GABAergic neurotransmission were assessed in dyskinesia-susceptible squirrel monkeys. Catecholamine depletors (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, tetrabenazine) induced the syndrome, as do dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists, and d-amphetamine reversed the effects of tetrabenazine. The haloperidol-induced syndrome was reversed by the indirectly acting DA agonists amantadine and L-dopa. Neither of the DA autoreceptor agonist TL-99 or 3-PPP elicited this syndrome, suggesting that these agents lack extrapyramidal involvement. Anticholinergics reversed haloperidol-induced dyskinesias and the cholinomimetic arecoline was capable of inducing dyskinesias. When coadministered repeatedly with haloperidol, benztropine suppressed the emergence of susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias. These results confirm that the acute dyskinetic syndrome in the monkey is characterized by DA deficiency and acetylcholine excess. Diazepam and baclofen, which have been reported to have some clinical benefit in tardive dyskinesia, suppressed haloperidol-induced acute dyskinesias without causing gross motor depression. Pharmacological manipulation of GABAergic pathways from striatum may constitute a fruitful approach to the treatment of dyskinetic motor disorders.
 ...
PMID:Effects of dopamine agonists, catecholamine depletors, and cholinergic and GABAergic drugs on acute dyskinesias in squirrel monkeys. 632 Feb 48

The effects of respiratory depression and sleep induction produced by 0.1 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam i.m. were examined in patients in whom urological interventions had to be performed under spinal anesthesia. The same parameters were evaluated for 0.2 mg/kg of diazepam i.m. as well as 50 mg/50 mg of pethidine/promethazine i.m. and placebo i.m. The major difference between 0.1 mg and 0.15 mg/kg body weight of midazolam was a more pronounced PCO2-increase in the group with the higher dosage. Both dosages led to anterograde amnesia in 8 or 9 of 10 patients respectively. No amnesia developed in the control groups. Respiratory depression and sleep induction occurred later with promethazine/pethidine (at 60 min) or diazepam (at 120 min) than with midazolam. Noteworthy in the Diazepam and placebo group was a hyperventilation lasting 60 and 120 min respectively. The arterial PO2 decreased in all groups during the intervention. Under midazolam, the decrease was significantly higher statistically than in the control groups during the first 60 min at both dosages. Premedication with 0.1 mg/kg i.m. of midazolam proved to be sufficient in all patients. The rapid onset of action, the sleep during the intervention and the amnesia associated with it suggest that this form of premedication is more favorable than the other procedures examined. The dosage of 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam proved to be too high: in addition to producing a stronger respiratory depression, it had the effect of rendering cooperation with some patients more difficult.
 ...
PMID:[Respiratory and sleep-inducing effects of i.m. midazolam as premedication for regional anesthesia. Comparison with diazepam, promethazine/pethidine and placebo]. 641 33

The effects of diazepam alone, and in combination with acute and chronic exposure to methadone, on arterial pH, pCO2 and pO2 in the rat were evaluated. Measurements were made before drug administration and at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min postadministration. Diazepam (20 mg/kg s.c.) did not cause any significant changes in arterial pCO2 or pH. However, it did cause a significant increase in arterial pO2 tension (P less than or equal to .05). The magnitude of this effect was essentially the same after acute and chronic diazepam treatment. The increase in arterial pO2 tension was attributed to a decrease in tissue uptake of oxygen associated with the decrease in body temperature that occurred after diazepam treatment. Acute and, to a far lesser extent, chronic administration of methadone (5 mg/kg/day i.p.) caused significant decreases in arterial pH and pO2 and increases in pCO2 (P less than or equal to .05). When given in combination with methadone, diazepam potentiated markedly the respiratory depressant effects of methadone. The most severe respiratory depression occurred when both drugs were used together acutely. The effects of the acute diazepam-chronic methadone treatment were 100 to 200% greater than those that occurred with the chronic diazepam-chronic methadone treatment, indicating the development of a tolerance to the potentiating ability of diazepam. These results show that there is a real potential for severe respiratory depression when these drugs, methadone and diazepam, are used concurrently, especially for the first time.
 ...
PMID:Effects of diazepam on arterial blood gas concentrations and pH of adult rats acutely and chronically exposed to methadone. 643 Oct 78

In vitro studies using the rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation were performed to investigate the effects of diazepam and three of its metabolites on indirectly evoked twitch tension. Diazepam, desmethyldiazepam and temazepam alone caused an increase in twitch tension in lower concentrations, followed by complete depression in higher concentrations. Oxazepam did not cause an initial increase in twitch tension, but showed an immediate and dose-dependent depression. Cumulative concentration-response curves for pancuronium and suxamethonium in the presence of different concentrations of diazepam or oxazepam showed that small concentrations of diazepam, which did not change twitch tension alone, caused antagonism of the action of pancuronium, but not of suxamethonium. With oxazepam no such antagonism was observed. In liminal and supraliminal concentrations, both diazepam and oxazepam potentiated the action of pancuronium and suxamethonium. Possible implications for in vivo interactions are discussed.
 ...
PMID:In vitro interaction of diazepam and oxazepam with pancuronium and suxamethonium. 643 49

The anti-depressive effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and its analogues (DN-1417: gamma-butyrolactone-gamma-carbonyl-histidyl-prolinamide citrate; MK-771: L-pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide) were examined in behavioral despair rats, an animal model of depression. TRH, DN-1417, MK-771, amitriptyline and diazepam were injected three times after the first forced swimming. One hr after the last injection, a 5-min swimming test was performed. Experimental animals were placed in a Hall's type open-field apparatus immediately before and after the 5-min test, and their locomotor activities were determined. No significant difference was noted in the locomotor activity immediately before the 5-min test among any group. In the 5-min swimming test, TRH, DN-1417 and MK-771 caused a dose-dependent decrease in immobility, showing an anti-depressive effect similar to amitriptyline. Diazepam showed no difference compared with the control group. After the swimming test, locomotor activity remarkably decreased in the control rats, while decreased locomotor activity was partially prevented in the TRH, DN-1417, MK-771 and amitriptyline treated rats which exhibited active movement not only during the swimming period but also after it. In terms of the minimum effective dose, TRH and DN-1417 seemed to be of similar potency, while MK-771 was 40-fold stronger than TRH. An examination of a possible correlation between the cross-reactivity of TRH analogues in a radioreceptor assay and the effects of the analogues on despair rats suggested that the structure-binding relationship was proportional to the structure-activity relationship.
 ...
PMID:Potential anti-depressive effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and its analogues. 643 97


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>