Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From the following three lines of evidence, it is proposed that at least part of the convulsant activity of naloxone is a result of GABA receptor blockade. Firstly, iontophoretic naloxone reversibly antagonized GABA-evoked depression of firing rate in 21 of 27 neurons tested in the rat olfactory tubercle-nucleus accumbens region, without blocking inhibition evoked in the same cells by glycine (15 cells) or morphine (6 cells). Secondly, i.p. naloxone in high doses caused convulsions in mice, and potentiated the convulsant activity of bicuculline, but not that of strychnine. Diazepam, which protected mice against convulsions elicited by bicuculline, but not by strychnine, also protected mice against naloxone. Thirdly, naloxone, morphine, levorphanol and its non-analgesic enantiomer dextrorphan displaced 3H-GABA from GABA receptor sites in homogenates of human cerebellum, all with comparable low potencies (IC50 = 250--400 micron). There was no correlation with affinities at the stereospecific receptor sites that mediate opiate-induced analgesia, since the potent opiates etorphine and diprenorphine were relatively inactive (IC50 greater than 3 mM). In addition naloxone displaced 3H-GABA from receptor sites in rate forebrain and cerebellum, with similar low potency.
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PMID:Naloxone as a GABA antagonist: evidence from iontophoretic, receptor binding and convulsant studies. 61 28

The clinical records of 13 school-age children and of 22 adolescents with chronic peptic ulcer were reviewed. There was a predominance of the male sex and duodenal localization showed greater frequency than the gastric. The duration of symptoms previous to the diagnosis was greater in adolescents and repeated X-ray studies were required in school-agers to confirm the presence of an ulcer niche. The common symptoms were abdominal pain and vomiting. However, in 43% of the patients, abdominal pain was not typical of ulcer; therefore, all school-age children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain should be submitted to careful investigation. Anxiety and depression were found in 92.3% of the cases. Special ulcer diets and antiacids were given to all patients, but 8 cases showed no improvement. Psychiatric treatment and administration of psychodrugs may be useful. Diazepam was given to 50% of the patients who recovered and to one who did not recover.
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PMID:[Chronic peptic ulcer among students and adolescents]. 61 28

The evoked potential in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) recorded by stimulation of basal medial amygdaloid nucleus (Abm) showed a triphasic pattern and diazepam (2 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased the late component. The evoked potential in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) recorded by stimulation of Abm showed a fast component with a relatively short latency followed by a biphasic late component and diazepam decreased the late component. Though the evoked potential in the Abm recorded by stimulation of LH showed a triphasic pattern, diazepam had no influence on the amplitude. Diazepam increased markedly the amplitude of evoked potential in the MRF recorded by stimulation of LH. Diazepam was ineffective on the evoked potential in the Abm recorded by stimulation of MRF. Diazepam decreased markedly the late component of evoked potential in the LH recorded by stimulation of MRF. These results suggest that the depression of emotional behavior by diazepam may be particularly related to the fact that the evoked potential in the LH recorded by stimulation of Abm was decreased by diazepam.
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PMID:[Effects of diazepam on evoked potential recorded from basal medial amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and midbrain reticular formation (author's transl)]. 70 May 13

Taking into account the particular problems of psychiatric classification the advantages and disadvantages of standardised rating scales are discussed. The authors come to the conclusion that these instruments at present are irreplaceable in psychopathological research because of their reliability in transmitting information and the possibility of quantifying psychopathological syndromes. The use of four rating scales which are little known yet within German speaking countries in demonstrated by means of a psychopharmacological investigation on the clinical effects of Desmethyl-Loxapine. These rating scales are: 1. the Hamilton-Psychiatric-Rating-Scale for Depression 2. the Wittenborn-Psychiatric-Rating-Scale 3. the Structured Clinical Interview (Burdock and Hardesty) and 4. the Befindlichkeits-Skala (Condition-Scale). Desmethyl-Loxapine was given in an open study as an antidepressant to 16 patients with different depressive syndromes. The results of treatment which lasted 3 to 4 weeks are discussed. The good therapeutic efficacy of Desmethyl-Loxapine was mainly due to its marked anxiolytic effect. All accomplished clinical examinations showed an excellent tolerance of this drug.
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PMID:[The significance of standardized evaluation scales in psychiatric diagnosis as exemplified by the therapeutic intervention with desmethyl-loxapine (author's transl)]. 78 3

The effect of diazepam, depakin, thiosemicarbazide (TSC) and bicucullin on the spontaneous and incuced (by stimulation of the sciatic nerve) activity of the cells of the sensory-motor cortex was studied on the unanesthetized immobilized (curarized) albino rats. Diazepam proved to intensify the inhibitory phenomena, i.e. decreased the frequency of spontaneous discharges and prolonged the postactivation depression of the neuron impulsation (the inhibitory pause. Depakin increasing the GABA content in the brain acted similarly. The GABA-ergic receptors blocker, bicucullin and TSC, decreasing its content, on the contrary, weakened the inhibitory phenomena. There was also revealed a reversible antagonism between diazepam and bicucullin in their effect on the neuronal activity. The data obtained confirmed the supposition put forward formerly on the capacity of diazepam to intensify the effect of GABA on the neurons of the cerebral cortex.
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PMID:[GABA-ergic mechanism of action of diazepam on cerebral cortex neurons]. 79 92

Diazepam 0.05-0.25 mg/kg increased the dose of lignocaine required to cause seizures in Rhesus monkeys by 24-34%. Spontaneous ventilation was maintained adequately during lignocaine administration following diazepam treatment and no adverse cardiovascular effects occurred. Before the onset of lignocaine-induced seizures in non-treated animals, the animals appeared to be drowsy. However, prior to administration of diazepam masked this effect. Convulsions were controlled by smaller doses of diazepam in non-treated animals than in diazepam-treated animals. Also, the animals that were pretreated with diazepam had a greater duration of depression after seizure.
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PMID:Diazepam in the prophylaxis of lignocaine seizures. 81 22

In view of the particular problems of psychiatric classification the advantages and disadvantages of standardised rating scales are discussed. The result is that these instruments at present are irreplaceable in psychopathological research on behalf of their reliability in transmitting information and the possibility of quantifying psychopathological syndromes. The practice of 4 rating scales, which are still uncustomary mainly in the area of German language, is demonstrated by means of a psychopharmacological investigation example. These rating scales are: 1. the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression, 2. the Wittenborn Psychiatric Rating Scale, 3. the Structured clinical Interview (Burdock and Hardesty) and 4. the Befindlichkeitsskala (Condition Scale) (v. Zerssen). Within a duration of treatment of 3 and 4 weeks desmethyl-loxapine [CL 67 772, 2-chloro-11-(1-piperazinyl)-dibenz (b,f)(1,4)-oxazepine] was tested in an open study as an antidepressant on 16 patients with different depressive syndromes. The results of treatment, which can be considered positive, are represented and discussed in an intra-individual pre- and after-treatment comparison in respect of the differences between these scales. The good therapeutic efficacy of desmethyl-loxapine results mainly from a marked anxiolytic effect. All the clinical and chemical examinations performed point out an excellent tolerance of this drug. German versions of standardised rating scales appear urgently indicated.
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PMID:[Multidimensional diagnostics in pharmacopsychiatry/results of therapy with desmethyl-loxapine (author's transl)]. 82 Mar 58

Basal tear production was measured by means of standardized Schirmer strips and 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride topical anesthesia in 20 patients. Premedication with systemic diazepam (Valium) and atropine sulfate had no effect on basal tear production. General surgical anesthesia resulted in a noticeable depression of basal tear production at 10, 30, and 60 minutes following induction of the anesthesia. It is suggested that prophylactic eye care include both replacement of tears and prevention of mechanical exposure of the cornea during general anesthesia.
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PMID:Decreased basal tear production associated with general anesthesia. 83 95

A report is made of five tetanus patients who were treated with large repetitive doses of Diazepam and became comatose. The period of impaired consciousness varied from thirteen to twenty-one days. None had significant respiratory depression, and full recovery occurred in all. It is proposed that Diazepam-induced prolonged coma should be regarded as a side-effect rather than a toxic effect and should caution rather than contra-indicate further use of large doses of the drug in the management of tetanus.
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PMID:Favourable prognosis of prolonged coma associated with large doses of diazepam in severe tetanus. 100 86

Forty male volunteers over the age of 60 took either a daily dose of diazepam (12 mg) or placebo for a two-week period. Differential responses to these compounds partially depended upon age and the initial symptom level. Diazepam produced sedative side effects, a modest antidepressant effect, and a reduction in memory. Placebo had an antianxiety effect in the relatively older subjects, and was associated with decreased fatique, improved memory and improved motor function. Considerable variability was observed in both drug and placebo responses among the elderly. A self-rating depression scale (D30R) was useful for assessing changes in affective states and in discriminating between the effects of active drug and placebo.
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PMID:Psychopharmacologic investigations in elderly volunteers: Effect of diazepam in males. 115 65


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