Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metabolism of an appreciable number of drugs has been shown to be influenced by age. In a study designed to assess plasma levels of clomipramine in twenty-eight patients aged between 65 and 75 years and fourteen patients over 75 years of age and compare them with the levels achieved by a control group of patients aged between 18 and 40 years, the severity of depression was assessed initially and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days using the General Practitioner Clinical Research Group Scale. Clomipramine was administered in a single dose of 25 mg either in the morning or in the evening. In general there were similar improvements in total score and in individual items on the rating scale in all three groups of patients. More drug related drop-outs occurred in the group of elderly subjects and in extreme age the response to treatment was slower although the end result of treatment was the same as that seen in younger subjects. Some side-effects such as constipation, tremor, ataxia and vertigo were commoner in older subjects.
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PMID:Clomipramine and age: an interaction study. 720 22

To see if the clinical efficacy of amitriptyline and clomipramine is related to plasma level of the active drug or its main metabolite, or to the balance between them, plasma levels and clinical progress have been studied in 48 patients taking standard dosage. Dose for dose, plasma levels of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine are usually higher than those of amitriptyline and its main metabolite nortriptyline, but no significant relationship between plasma levels and clinical improvement was found following clomipramine administration. By contrast, optimum responses to amitriptyline therapy were obtained at plasma levels of 50--100 micrograms/l for amitryiptyline itself and 25--75 micrograms/l for nortriptyline, but when their ratio exceeded 0--7 improvement declined. Steady states were reached after two to three weeks but a crude measure could be obtained from the plasma level after four days' treatment. Clomipramine and amitriptyline appeared to be equally effective, with clomipramine taking slightly longer to relieve depression.
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PMID:Plasma levels and clinical improvement--a comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in depression. 739 22

Platelet uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in normal subjects in vitro has already been shown to be significantly inhibited by clomipramine and less markedly by maprotiline (Turner and Ehsanullah, 1977). This effect has now been studied in greater detail, in patients categorized as having endogenous or neurotic/reactive depression, treated or untreated, and in normal volunteers, in whom the inhibitory activity of the metabolite desmethylclomipramine was also studied. Platelet uptake of 5-HT and DA in both types of depression is lower than in healthy, which supports the hypothesis that central monamine function is reduced or impaired in depressives. Clomipramine potently inhibits platelet uptake of DA as well as 5-HT, its antidepressant action cannot be attributed to 5-HT alone, while the observation that maprotiline has no effect on 5-HT uptake shows that its antidepressant action is not based on a serotonergic mechanism. Desmethylclomipramine has a marked inhibitory effect on platelet 5-HT uptake and its effect on DA uptake is greater than that of the parent compound.
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PMID:Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine into platelets from depressed patients and normal subjects--influence of clomipramine, desmethylclomipramine and maprotiline. 739 26

Firstly, we reviewed the drugs (ex, corticosteroid, interferon) which were thought to be related to organic mood disorders in the literature, and discussed a number of problems with assessment of drug-induced mental disorders. Next, we investigated 1) the antidepressant-induced switch rate from depression to mania and 2) the latency from administration to manic onset in three groups (Major depression: single episode, Major depression: recurrent, Bipolar disorder: depressed). Our data showed, 1) the switch rate was 17.2, 14.3, 32.0% and 2) the latency to onset was 69.9, 65.9, 37.1 days, respectively. The latency to onset showed no significant difference in three groups. (ANOVA, p < 0.05) Clomipramine, amitriptyline, imipramine, and dosulepin had the higher switch rate above 10%.
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PMID:[Drug-induced organic mood disorders]. 751 43

Five elderly, treatment-resistant, depressed, female patients were closely monitored in a research setting during treatment with clomipramine. Plasma clomipramine levels were determined to establish a steady state. Elderly patients (67 to 80 years old) reached a therapeutic steady state at doses lower than that reported for midlife patients. Overall, clomipramine was well tolerated in this group. Depression, measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, decreased 42%, and the frequency of somatic complaints, measured by the Rating Scale for Side Effects, declined by 57%. Clomipramine is specifically indicated for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and may be an alternative for elderly depressed patients, provided that lower doses and plasma clomipramine monitoring are used.
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PMID:Clomipramine in the elderly: tolerance and plasma levels. 791 36

The antidepressants clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil), fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac), and sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft) are the main choices for pharmacologic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Often, drug doses for obsessive-compulsive disorder are higher than for depression, and improvement occurs more slowly and is often only partial. Behavior therapy involving exposure to feared objects or situations and prevention of ritualistic behavior complements pharmacologic treatment. Referral to a behavioral therapist may be necessary to achieve recovery.
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PMID:Obsessive-compulsive disorder. How to free patients from intrusive thoughts and rituals. 799 73

Male tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) provide an animal model to study the neurobehavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stress. When living in visual and olfactory contact with a male conspecific by which it has been defeated, the subordinante tree shrew shows dramatic behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine changes. Because the over all pattern of these changes resemble a depression-like symptomatology, we investigated to what extent the behavioral and endocrine changes in subordinate animals can be reversed by treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine. In the present study, animals were subjected to a 10-day period of psychosocial conflict to elicit stress-induced behavioral and endocrine alterations before the onset of drug treatment, and psychosocial stress continued throughout the treatment period of 30 days. Clomipramine was administered orally once daily at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The drug had a time-dependent restorative influence on marking and grooming behavior, locomotor activity, risk assessment, as well as on urinary cortisol and norepinephrine excretion. It, thus, appears that the clomipramine treatment counteracts the behavioral and endocrine effects of chronic psychosocial stress in tree shrews, and the time course of recovery corresponds closely to that observed when treating depressed patients in the clinic.
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PMID:Psychosocial stress in tree shrews: clomipramine counteracts behavioral and endocrine changes. 872 61

The SSRI antidepressants have emerged as effective new treatment for patients with premature ejaculation whether or not these patients suffer from depression. Clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline seem to be a safe treatment option for patients with premature ejaculation, especially in cases of failed psychological treatment, in rejection of psychological treatment, and when partners are unwilling to cooperate in treatment. Further controlled and larger studies that focus on clinically relevant issues such as dose, length of treatment, maintenance of beneficial effects after treatment discontinuation, and the combination of pharmaco- and behavior therapy for premature ejaculation are warranted. Other medications, such as benzodiazepines, may be useful in some cases of premature ejaculation.
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PMID:Antidepressants in the treatment of premature ejaculation. 874 20

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mode of prescription and the users of antidepressant agents. It consisted of an initial phase (survey of the general population), aimed at selecting a representative sample of antidepressants users by a mail questionnaire, without asking prescribers in order to avoid the bias inherent to such an approach. Results showed a current incidence of use of 2.75 % for the 8 main antidepressants, i.e. more than one million adults in France. The distribution of antidepressants showed Prozac in first place, followed by Anafranil, and Laroxyl, then Stablon, Athymil, Survector and Ludiomil. In more than 50 % of cases, antidepressants have been taken for a year or more, continuously of intermittently. They were prescribed by a general practitioner in 60 % of cases and a psychiatrist in 30 %. A second survey phase (telephone) undertaken by psychiatrists and involving a sample of this population enabled determination of the pathophysiological profile of consumers at the time of prescription of antidepressant treatment, using a validated diagnostic tool, the MINI. Taking all drugs together, results showed that prescription was within Marketing Authorization approved indications in about 65 % of cases (existence of depression 61 %, dysthymia 3 %, OCD 1 %). This study shows that, in 23 % of cases, antidepressants are not used in patients with one of the psychiatric diseases identified by the MINI but nevertheless suffering from pathophysiological symptoms (subsyndronic syndrome). It can be concluded that, in some subjects, antidepressants are used in non-identified disorders. It must also be recognized that, with 3 % of users, the population of individuals treated by antidepressants is less than that of patients suffering, in the general population, from depression (5 to 10 % per year, according to studies).
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PMID:[Pharmaco-epidemiologic study of the use of antidepressant drugs in the general population]. 876 26

Electrodermal responses in the facial region of freely moving rats were recorded bilaterally. After a nociceptive stimulus (ammonia vapor exposure), the response (a transient negative potential followed by a longer-lasting positive potential) attained a similar amplitude on both sides. Surgical sympathetic denervation of facial skin by ipsilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) significantly decreased the electrodermal response. When an inferior cervical ganglionectomy was performed in addition to SCGx, a further decrease in electrodermal response was observed. Pretreatment of unilaterally SCGx rats with atropine blunted the electrical response in the control side to levels similar to those found in the SCGx side. Treatment with phenoxybenzamine or propranolol was ineffective. Skin potential responses were measured in adult rats administered with clomipramine from the 8th to the 21st day of life and exhibiting a long-lasting syndrome resembling human depression. Clomipramine-injected rats developed larger skin potential responses to sound stimulation than controls while responses to ammonia vapor were similar in both groups, as well as the habituation rate after repetitive exposure to ammonia vapor. The results indicate that some of the altered electrodermal responses found in depressed patients are detectable in the clomipramine animal model of endogenous depression.
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PMID:Electrodermal response in nonglabrous skin of freely moving rats: mediation by the sympathetic nervous system and evaluation in an animal model of depression. 877 44


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