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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three hamadryas adult baboons (female) received 24 daily injections of Chlorimipramine (1.7 mg/kg). The effects on sleep were nearly identical with the effects observed in man. PGO activity, recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus, was much disturbed. The total number of PGO fell downward from the first recording. The number of PGO/min during paradoxial sleep was even more decreased. This fact suggests a selective influence of CL I on the mechanisms of PGO activity. Is the particular effect of importance to the treatment of depression symptoms?
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PMID:[Effect of chlorimipramine on the so-called ponto-geniculo-occipitalactivity (PGO) in a primate, Papio hamadryas (author's transl)]. 19 66

There is a suggestive evidence for a relationship between central 5-HT and the occurrence of certain types of depressions. This evidence is derived from three sources: postmortem studies; measurement of CSF 5-HIAA; accumulation of CSF 5-HIAA after transport blockade by probenecid. Disturbances of central 5-HT metabolism are not typical for any depression but for certain types of vital (endogenous) depression. This implies that the group of vital depression, though tending towards homogeneity in terms of symptomatology, is heterogenous in biochemical terms and comprises patients with and without disorders in central 5-HT metabolism. It is plausible that disorders of the 5-HT metabolism play a role in the pathogenesis of depression, instead of resulting from them. This statement is based on the following findings: (i) 5-HTP can abolish or alleviate the depressive syndrome or some of its elements. (ii) This 5-HTP effect can be potentiated by clomipramine (Anafranil), a relative selective inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake. (iii) There exists a negative correlation between 5-HT turnover in the CNS and the therapeutic effect of clomipramine. The alleged distrurbances in central 5-HT are more likely to be predisposing than of direct causative significance. This assumption is based on two observations: (i) In more that 50% of cases, the 5-HT turnover remains low after clinical recovery, the patient being drug-free. (ii) There is suggestive evidence that abolition of the 5-HT deficit (by means of 5-HTP) exerts a prophylactic effect in uni-and bipolar depression.
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PMID:The Harold E. Himwich Memorial Lecture. Significance of biochemical parameters in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of depressive disorders. 30 32

1 Stereotaxic lesioning and microiontophoretic techniques were used to study the effects of lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) on the potentiation by antidepressant drugs of responses to monoamines of cortical neurones.2 Active uptake of noradrenaline (NA) and 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by synaptosomes from the motor and somatosensory cortex was reduced to approximately 20%, 10 to 14 days following lesion of the MFB in rats.3 Unilateral lesions of the MFB caused changes in responsiveness of neurones to NA and 5-HT, applied by iontophoresis, in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. Excitatory responses to both amines were observed less frequently and depression was the predominant response. Excitatory responses on the lesioned side were significantly smaller than on the unlesioned side, but the size of depressant responses was unaltered.4 Viloxazine strongly potentiated responses of cortical neurones to NA and 5-HT on both sides of the brain of MFB-lesioned rats. There were no significant differences in the potentiation of responses to monoamines on the lesioned or unlesioned sides of the brain.5 Desipramine potentiated responses to NA of neurones in the cortex ipsilateral to MFB lesions.6 Chlorimipramine potentiated responses to 5-HT of neurones in the cortex ipsilateral to MFB lesions.7 It is concluded that antidepressants can potentiate responses to monoamines despite a profound reduction in presynaptic terminals. The potentiation is unlikely to be the result of blockade of monoamine uptake into presynaptic terminals, and is probably a postsynaptic effect of the antidepressant drugs.
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PMID:Potentiation of responses to monoamines by antidepressants after destruction of monoamine afferents. 31 65

On the grounds of different pharmacological properties and possibly different clinical effects, two antidepressants, Anafranil (clomipramine) and Pertofran (desipramine) were compared in the management of depression in general practice. A further comparison was made to ascertain whether a combination of the two antidepressants was more effective than the drugs given alone. One hundred and seventy-three patients were admitted to a double-blind clinical trial, conducted on a multicentre basis in general practice, in which a double-dummy technique was employed. One hundred and forty-one patients completed the study. Of these, 49 received Anafranil, 49 received Pertofran and 43 the combination. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the three treatment regimes, there was a consistent trend in favour of the combination regime. Ninety-one per cent of the patients who completed treatment on the combination showed satisfactory improvement compared with 81% on the Anafranil regime and 78% on Pertofran. An attempt was made to identify three symptom clusters--anxiety, 'anergia' and biological depression. There was no significant difference in the response of these three clusters to the three treatment regimes, nor was there any difference in the incidence and severity of side-effects.
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PMID:A comparative trial of Anafranil, Pertofran and an Anafranil/Pertofran combination. 32 30

The problem of phobic anxiety is viewed in the context of the entire area of mental illness and of its epidemiology in the general population. The importance of the diagnosis of depression in phobic patients and its simultaneous treatment is emphasized. Psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological methods are discussed and some results of recent trials of clomipramine (Anafranil) are reported. The author concludes that for the successful outcome of treatment an eclectic approach must be considered. The combination of behavioural techniques of desensitization along a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations, together with psychotherapeutic support and the simultaneous exhibition of the more specific antidepressant and antiphobic preparation clomipramine would offer the best hope of symptom relief.
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PMID:The management of phobic disorders using clomipramine (Anafranil). 32 31

The subject of dosage of clomipramine (Anafranil) in depression and in obsessional and phobic disorders is discussed. The expectation of success is reported and a recommendation made to adopt flexible dosage. Some side-effects are considered and stress is laid on distinguishing between unwanted pharmacological effects and serious toxic effects. Serious adverse reactions are rare. Contra-indications, both relative and absolute, are discussed. The importance of possible drug interactions is emphasized.
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PMID:Practical considerations on the use of clomipramine (Anafranil) in general practice: an updated review. 32 32

Clomipramine is the most potent 5-HT reuptake blockade agent among the antidepressants. A comparison between the effect of clomipramine and a less powerful 5-HT reuptake blockade agent (amitriptyline) could test the hypothesis that brain 5-HT is a mediator of pain sensation. Groups of patients of either sex, with pain indication of trigeminal neuralgia, tension headache or postherpatic neuralgia, received doses of clomipramine or amitriptyline in a single blind clinical experiment. The results after three months of treatment showed that clomipramine: (1) was better than amitriptyline in treating trigeminal neuralgia; (2) tended to be better in the treatment of tension headache; and (3) amitriptyline is better in treating postherpatic neuralgia. Clomipramine was better tolerated. The results support the hypothesis that in certain pain situations, clomipramine exerts a beneficial effect, not only because of its effect on the depression and anxiety level of the patient, but also via its effects on the 5-HT brain system.
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PMID:Clomipramine and amitriptyline in the treatment of severe pain. 48 62

An uncontrolled clinical study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmacueticals) in a group of twenty obsessive-compulsive neurotic patients. Clomipramine proved to be extremely useful in alleviating obsessive-compulsive neurosis as well as phobia. This finding was not secondary to the improvement in anxiety or depression which occurred, as the degree of improvement in obsessive symptoms far exceeded the improvement in the other symptoms.
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PMID:Treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with clomipramine (Anafranil). 59 4

Five case histories are presented of patients with multiple trauma or severe infection, who developed psychiatric symptoms after an initially favourable response to intensive therapy. Alterations in the level of consciousness and behavioural pattern were observed, associated with the presence of acute depression, possibly primarily endogenous in origin. Following intravenous Clomipramine administration, considerable improvement was noted in all five patients, regarding both the depressive state and the clouding of consciousness. The importance of recognising psychiatric disorder in severly ill patients in an intensive therapy environment is stressed.
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PMID:Psychiatric problems in intensive care. Five patients with acute confusional states and depression. 77 26

An open study of four dosage regimes of clomipramine (Anafranil)--10 mg t.d.s., 30 mg o.n., 25 mg t.d.s. and 75 mg o.n.--was performed in patients seen in general practice suffering from depression. The primary purpose of the study was to gather information on steady-state blood levels of unchanged drug and major metabolite. However, clinical assessments were also made on a seventeen symptom depression rating scale initially and after 1,2 and 4 weeks treatment and side-effects were assessed. Seventy patients were admitted to the study; forty-nine completed it. All four treatment groups showed significant improvement. The groups were small and no significant differences emerged between them. The best response of 77% improvement on total score after 4 weeks was obtained in the group of patients receiving 25 mg t.d.s. The patients on 30 mg daily showed a 67% response when this was divided and 65% when given singly. The worst response was obtained in the patients receiving 75 mg single dose (50%). Thirteen of the twenty drop-outs did so because of side-effects. Ten of these were in high dose groups. However, amongst patients who completed the study there was no difference in the side-effects observed in the four groups.
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PMID:Comparisons of various clomipramine (Anafranil) dosage regimes. 86 80


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