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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Efficient analgesia may be the major objective in the cardiovascular risk patient following myocardial infarction, acute occlusion of peripheral vessels, or dissection/perforation of major abdominal vessels. It was the purpose of the study to investigate the haemodynamic and respiratory side effects of eight different opioids in 57 circulatory risk patients prior to major vascular surgery. METHODS. Patients were randomly allocated to eight groups, each receiving a different opioid within a clinical, equipotent dose range (buprenorphine, fentanyl, morphine, nalbuphine, pentazocine, pethidine, tramadol, alfentanil). A complete haemodynamic and blood gas status was obtained prior to as well as 5, 10, 15, and 20 min following opioid administration. Monitoring included a complete invasive haemodynamic and blood gas status. Statistical evaluation was performed by 1- and 2-factorial ANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS. Significant time effects (changes from baseline at the time of measurement) were observed for heart rate and total peripheral resistance, while significant group (group-specific differences in the course of values at the different times of measurements) and time effects were noted for mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, stroke volume index, and PaO2. No major effects were observed following morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, tramadol, and nalbuphine. Buprenorphine caused distinct respiratory depression accompanied by an increase in pulmonary vascular tone. Pentazocine and pethidine caused a significant increase in MPAP and peripheral vascular resistance while pethidine also produced marked respiratory depression. CONCLUSIONS. For interpretation of the results, factors such as respiratory depression, histamine release, secretion of endogenous catecholamines, and hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction have to be discussed. Tramadol, an opioid with moderate potency, seems to offer some advantages due to its minor cardiovascular and respiratory side effects.
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PMID:[Different opioids in patients at cardiovascular risk. Comparison of central and peripheral hemodynamic adverse effects]. 784 Apr 3

A 41-year-old man was found dead in a hotel room. He was previously diagnosed with depression. Multiple containers of medication and paraphenalia were found at the scene. Autopsy findings included fully developed rigor mortis and pulmonary edema with hemorrhage. Toxicologic analysis of different body fluids was performed and the following drugs were identified in the blood (mg/L): moclobemide (59.76), clomipramine (1.69), tramadol (10.89), diazepam (2.08), nordiazepam (0.82) and caffeine (9.64). A fatal serotonin syndrome was presumably developed as a result of moclobemide-clomipramine interaction as has been recently reported. Tramadol could have a synergistic effect on that syndrome. The forensic pathologists ruled that the cause of death was multiple drug intoxication resulting in serotonin syndrome and that the manner of death was suicide. However, an accidental death from drug abuse could be an alternative diagnosis.
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PMID:Fatal moclobemide overdose or death caused by serotonin syndrome? 787 95

A prospective, randomised and double blind comparative study of Midazolam/Tramadol or placebo/Tramadol for premedication before PTA was carried out on 40 patients (12 female and 28 male, average age 66.1 +/- 12). The anxiolytic, analgesic and general findings were quantified by means of a visual analogue score. Pre- and peri-interventional blood gas, blood pressure and pulse rates were determined. The complications of the two schemes were compared. 19 patients received Midazolam/Tramadol and 21 placebo/Tramadol. Patient anxiety was reduced significantly from 25.8 +/- 25 to 4.3 +/- 6 by premedication. Significant increase in the pain score during PTA was observed only in the placebo group (4.3 +/- 12.6 to 27.4 +/- 20.9). There was no difference in the incidence of complications and respiratory depression due to the Midazolam/Tramadol combination was not observed.
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PMID:[The premedication of PTA. A double-blind and randomized comparison of midazolam/tramadol versus placebo/tramadol]. 821 41

Tramadol, an analgesic deriving only part of its effect via opioid agonist activity, might provide postoperative pain relief with minimal risk of respiratory depression. We, therefore, evaluated it for the control of postthoracotomy pain. In this randomized, double-blind study, a single intravenous (IV) bolus dose of 150 mg tramadol (Group T) was compared to epidural morphine administered as an initial 2-mg bolus and subsequent continuous infusion at a rate of 0.2 mg/h (Group M). Patients in each group could receive morphine IV from a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. Pain scores, morphine consumption, arterial blood gases, and vital capacity values were recorded at regular intervals postoperatively until 8:00 AM on the first postoperative day. Both groups obtained adequate pain relief, and there were no between-group differences in pain scores or PCA morphine consumption. Pao2 was significantly higher in Group T at 2 h and Paco2 significantly higher in Group M at 4 h postoperatively. There were no other significant respiratory differences. We conclude that a single dose of 150 mg tramadol given at the end of surgery provided postoperative analgesia equivalent to that provided by this dosage regimen of epidural morphine for the initial postoperative period.
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PMID:Intravenous tramadol versus epidural morphine for postthoracotomy pain relief: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. 865 71

Tramadol is a cyclohexanol derivative with mu-agonist activity. It has been used as an analgesic for postoperative or chronic pain since the late 1970s, and became one of the most popular analgesics of its class in Germany. International interest has been renewed during the past few years, when it was discovered that tramadol not only acts on opioid receptors, but also inhibits serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake. This review aims to provide a risk-benefit assessment of tramadol in the management of acute and chronic pain syndromes. Tramadol has been used intraoperatively as part of balanced anaesthesia. Such use is under discussion, however, as it was associated with a high incidence of intraoperative recall and dreaming, and postoperative respiratory depression has been described after intraoperative administration of high doses. Postoperatively, intravenous and intramuscular tramadol has been used with good efficacy. Analgesic doses were comparable with pethidine (meperidine) and 10 times higher than morphine. Nausea and vomiting were the most frequently reported adverse effects. In controlled studies, haemodynamic and respiratory parameters were only minimally impaired. The risk of severe respiratory depression in typical dosages is negligible in comparison with other opioids used for postoperative pain management. Tramadol has been used with good results for the management of labour pain without respiratory depression of the neonate. It was also effective for the treatment of pain from myocardial ischaemia, ureteric colic and acute trauma. Good results have been published for cancer pain management with tramadol in several studies. The potential for abuse or addiction seems to be minimal, and serious complications have not been reported. For patients with severe pain, the efficacy of morphine is superior, and most patients with adequate analgesia from tramadol had to be changed to a more potent opioid after a few weeks due to increased nociceptive input during tumour progression. Tramadol can be recommended as a safe and efficient drug for step II according to the World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain management.
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PMID:A risk-benefit assessment of tramadol in the management of pain. 886 61

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic that has been shown to be effective in a variety of acute and chronic pain states. Unlike other centrally acting analgesics, it exerts a dual action by binding to the opioid receptor site in the central nervous system and by weakly inhibiting the reuptake of biogenic amines. Tramadol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed, with an onset of action occurring within 1 hour of oral administration. The recommended dosage is 50 to 100 mg every 4 to 6 hours; however, regular administration is an alternative, particularly for chronic pain states such as osteoarthritis, where the use of the recently developed sustained release formulation may represent an important advantage. Published studies specifically evaluating the use of tramadol in this disease support its effectiveness. Nausea, drowsiness, constipation, dizziness, and sweating have been reported in association with tramadol use. Nausea occurs early in the course of administration, and may be reduced by slowly titrating the dose of tramadol against response. Tramadol would appear to be particularly useful in the elderly population affected by osteoarthritis because, unlike nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it does not aggravate hypertension or congestive heart failure, nor does it have the potential to cause peptic ulcer disease. Compared with narcotics, tramadol does not induce significant respiratory depression, constipation, or have significant abuse potential.
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PMID:Pharmacology and clinical experience with tramadol in osteoarthritis. 891 98

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of tramadol are reviewed. Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine that binds to mu opiate receptors and inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. It is rapidly and extensively absorbed after oral doses and is metabolized in the liver. Analgesia begins within one hour and starts to peak in two hours. In patients with moderate postoperative pain, i.v. or i.m. tramadol is roughly equal in efficacy to meperidine or morphine; for severe acute pain, tramadol is less effective than morphine. Oral tramadol can also be effective after certain types of surgery. Tramadol and meperidine are equally effective in postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. In epidural administration for pain after abdominal surgery, tramadol is more effective than bupivacaine but less effective than morphine. In patients with ureteral calculi, both dipyrone and butylscopolamine are more effective than tramadol. For labor pain, i.m. tramadol works as well as meperidine and is less likely to cause neonatal respiratory depression. Oral tramadol is as effective as codeine for acute dental pain. In several types of severe or refractory cancer pain, tramadol is effective, but less so than morphine; for other types of chronic pain, such as low-back pain, oral tramadol works as well as acetaminophen-codeine. Common adverse effects of tramadol include dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, and sedation. The abuse potential seems low. The recommended oral dosage is 50-100 mg every four to six hours. Tramadol is an effective, if expensive, alternative to other analgesics in some clinical situations.
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PMID:Tramadol: a new centrally acting analgesic. 907 93

(+/-)-Tramadol is a synthetic 4-phenyl-piperidine analogue of codeine. It is a central analgesic with a low affinity for opioid receptors. Its selectivity for mu receptors has recently been demonstrated, and the M1 metabolite of tramadol, produced by liver O-demethylation, shows a higher affinity for opioid receptors than the parent drug. The rate of production of this M1 derivative (O-demethyl tramadol), is influenced by a polymorphic isoenzyme of the debrisoquine-type, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Nevertheless, this affinity for mu receptors of the CNS remains low, being 6000 times lower than that of morphine. Moreover, and in contrast to other opioids, the analgesic action of tramadol is only partially inhibited by the opioid antagonist naloxone, which suggests the existence of another mechanism of action. This was demonstrated by the discovery of a monoaminergic activity that inhibits noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake, making a significant contribution to the analgesic action by blocking nociceptive impulses at the spinal level. (+/-)-Tramadol is a racemic mixture of 2 enantiomers, each one displaying differing affinities for various receptors. (+/-)-Tramadol is a selective agonist of mu receptors and preferentially inhibits serotonin reuptake, whereas (-)-tramadol mainly inhibits noradrenaline reuptake. The action of these 2 enantiomers is both complementary and synergistic and results in the analgesic effect of (+/-)-tramadol. After oral administration, tramadol demonstrates 68% bioavailability, with peak serum concentrations reached within 2 hours. The elimination kinetics can be described as 2-compartmental, with a half-life of 5.1 hours for tramadol and 9 hours for the M1 derivative after a single oral dose of 100mg. This explains the approximately 2-fold accumulation of the parent drug and its M1 derivative that is observed during multiple dose treatment with tramadol. The recommended daily dose of tramadol is between 50 and 100mg every 4 to 6 hours, with a maximum dose of 400 mg/day; the duration of the analgesic effect after a single oral dose of tramadol 100mg is about 6 hours. Adverse effects, and nausea in particular, are dose-dependent and therefore considerably more likely to appear if the loading dose is high. The reduction of this dose during the first days of treatment is an important factor in improving tolerability. Other adverse effects are generally similar to those of opioids, although they are usually less severe, and can include respiratory depression, dysphoria and constipation. Tramadol can be administered concomitantly with other analgesics, particularly those with peripheral action, while drugs that depress CNS function may enhance the sedative effect of tramadol. Tramadol should not be administered to patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and administration with tricyclic antidepressant drugs should also be avoided. Tramadol has pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that are highly unlikely to lead to dependence. This was confirmed by various controlled studies and postmarketing surveillance studies, which reported an extremely small number of patients developing tolerance or instances of tramadol abuse. Tramadol is a central acting analgesic which has been shown to be effective and well tolerated, and likely to be of value for treating several pain conditions (step II of the World Health Organization ladder) where treatment with strong opioids is not required.
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PMID:[Pharmacology of tramadol]. 919 Mar 21

Tramadol has been in clinical use in Germany since the late 1970s and has proven effective in both experimental and clinical pain without causing serious cardiovascular or respiratory side effects. Moreover, the negligible abuse potential of tramadol has meant that it has never been a restricted drug, and it therefore very quickly became the most popular analgesic of its class in Germany. Although tramadol has been used in myocardial emergencies, in trauma and obstetric pain, or to supplement balanced anaesthesia, most studies have investigated postoperative patients. The focus of this article is to review clinical experience with tramadol in the treatment of acute postoperative pain. Tramadol, a synthetic opioid of the aminocyclohexanol group, is a centrally acting analgesic with weak opioid agonist properties, and effects on noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. In addition, these opioid and nonopioid modes of action appear to act synergistically. Tramadol has been shown to provide effective analgesia after both intramuscular and intravenous administration for the treatment of postoperative pain. The drug is available in formulations suitable for oral, rectal and parenteral administration. Clinically effective analgesic doses of tramadol were comparable to those of pethidine (meperidine) and about 10 times higher than those of morphine. While it is not recommended as a supplement to general anaesthesia because of its insufficient sedative activity, tramadol has been successful in the treatment of postoperative pain. A randomised double-blind study reported acceptable analgesia with postoperative intravenous tramadol 50mg, repeated once if required after 30 minutes. It produced an effect similar to that of morphine 5mg or the alpha 2 agonist, clonidine 150 micrograms. In another study, it was shown that the 50mg dose of tramadol fulfilled the requirements of an analgesic for the treatment of moderate postoperative pain, whereas for severe pain a higher dose was recommended. Tramadol is generally well tolerated, the most common adverse events being nausea and vomiting. In contrast to agents such as morphine and pethidine, clinically relevant respiratory depression is rarely observed during tramadol administration at equipotent doses and consequently it can be recommended for first-line management of postoperative pain instead of morphine. It is also associated with a low incidence of cardiac depression and significantly less dizziness and drowsiness than morphine. Finally, the dependence and abuse potential with tramadol is negligible. Comparative studies have generally shown that tramadol is more effective than NSAIDs for controlling post operative pain. Use of a combination of tramadol and NSAIDs allows the tramadol dose to be reduced and results in a lower incidence of adverse effects. Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol has been frequently used and is well accepted by patients. Wide individual variations exist with regard to analgesic requirements and, nowadays, it is generally accepted that adequate pain management implies systematic individualisation of the therapy, i.e. titration of the analgesic effect to individual needs. Demand and loading doses play a decisive role in the success of PCA. Analgesic failures requiring rescue medication are rare, but it should be stressed that these can always occur with weak opioids. In conclusion, tramadol can be recommended as a basic analgesic for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. In the event of analgesic failure with tramadol, there is no reason not to switch to more potent opioids. Although no studies are available regarding its use in the management of postoperative pain after day case surgery, tramadol is frequently administered with good results in such patients. The most important side effects of tramadol are nausea and emesis, which can often be prevented by slow injection and administration of a prophylactic antiemetic such as metoclopramid
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PMID:[Tramadol in acute pain]. 919 Mar 22

To date, no universally applicable recommendations are available for the treatment of patients with postherpetic neuralgia. A mixture of clinical anecdotes, experimental findings and observations from clinical trials form the basis of the medical arsenal for this condition. Tricyclic antidepressants are commonly used, and clinical experience and several investigations have documented their effectiveness. Today, single entity antidepressants, which can be combined with neuroleptics to increase analgesia, are generally recommended for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Some authors also recommend the additional administration of an opioid if analgesia is inadequate. Just over a decade ago, opioids were considered ineffective for the treatment of neuropathic pain; however, more recent investigations relating to the use of opioids, primarily in the treatment of nontumour-related chronic pain, have led to a revision of their use in neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, the use of opioid therapy for neurogenic pain remains controversial. Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic with both opioid and nonopioid analgesic activity. The nonopioid component is related to the inhibition of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake and stimulation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) release at the spinal level. In this regard, there are parallels with antidepressants, which are believed to potentiate the effect of biogenic amines in endogenous pain-relieving systems. There is evidence that, in tramadol, both mechanisms act synergistically with respect to analgesia. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate, for the first time, the analgesic efficacy and tolerability of tramadol, compared with the antidepressant clomipramine, in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. If necessary, clomipramine was used in combination with the neuroleptic levomepromazine. The study allowed individualised dosages at predetermined intervals up to a maximum daily dose of tramadol 600mg and clomipramine 100mg, or clomipramine 100mg with or without levomepromazine 100mg. 21 (60%) of 35 randomised patients (> or = 65 years) received the study medication over the 6-week period [tramadol n = 10; clomipramine with or without levomepromazine) n = 11]. After 3 weeks' treatment the dosage in both groups remained almost constant for the rest of the 6-week treatment phase (mean daily dose: tramadol 250 to 290mg; clomipramine 59.1 to 63.6mg). Only 3 patients required the combination of clomipramine and levomepromazine. At the outset, both groups recorded an average pain level of 'moderate' to 'very severe'. In correlation with increasing the study medication, this had decreased to 'slight' by the end of the treatment, when 9 of 10 patients in the tramadol group and of 6 of 11 patients in the clomipramine group retrospectively rated their analgesia as excellent, good or satisfactory. The psychological/physical condition of the patients did not change significantly during tramadol treatment. Sensitivity and depression parameters decreased in the clomipramine group. The incidence of adverse events for all patients was similar in both groups (tramadol 76.5%; clomipramine with or without levomepromazine 83.3%). In conclusion, tramadol would appear to be an interesting therapeutic alternative for pain relief in postherpetic neuralgia, particularly in patients who are not depressed. In clinical practice, tramadol and clomipramine can best be used differentially. For example, tramadol could be the drug of first choice in patients with obvious cardiovascular disease (not an uncommon problem in the > or = 65 year age group) in whom antidepressants are contraindicated, and similarly in patients in whom an antidepressant effect is not required. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:[Treatment of post-herpes zoster pain with tramadol. Results of an open pilot study versus clomipramine with or without levomepromazine]. 919 Mar 23


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