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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Total mixed rations (TMR) are commonly fed to dairy cows with a goal of reducing ruminal acidosis, but the daily pattern of feed intake has major implication for rumen fermentation and postabsorptive physiology. Generally there is low feed intake during the overnight period and high intake after feeding and during the afternoon. The objective of this study was to determine if feeding a partial mixed ration (PMR) plus a high starch top-dress before feeding of the PMR would improve production and modify key daily rhythms. The top-dress was fed before feeding as ruminal starch is at a nadir and amylolytic capacity is expected to be low. Ten Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with 14-d periods. Cows were housed in tie stalls with feed tubs and feed weight was recorded every 10 s for observation of feeding behavior. Treatments were a control TMR fed once per day at 0900 h or a partial mixed ration plus a top-dress (PMR+TD). The top-dress was fed at 9.5% of DMI offered at 0800 h and contained steamflaked corn, canola meal, and nonprotein nitrogen. No interaction was observed between treatment and milking time. Milk yield tended to be decreased 1.1 kg and milk fat yield was decreased 70 g/d by PMR+TD. Milk fat preformed fatty acids were decreased and no effect was observed of treatment on trans-10 C18:1 or other indicators of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression. No effect was observed of treatment on meal parameters including meal size and number. The PMR+TD increased total-tract neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility by 1.2 percentage points. Treatment changed the daily pattern of fecal NDF and indigestible NDF, indicating changes in rumen function over the day. No effect was observed on plasma glucose, but the amplitude of the daily rhythm of insulin was increased by PMR+TD. The PMR+TD also increased plasma nonesterified fatty acids and decreased blood urea nitrogen across the day. Core body temperature is entrained by the central biological clock and its phase was advanced 42 min and its amplitude slightly increased by PMR+TD. In conclusion, the top-dress appears to have modified the central circadian rhythm and plasma insulin and blood urea nitrogen. This demonstrates that timing of feeding can be used to manage daily rhythms of the dairy cow, although the optimal timing requires further investigation.
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PMID:The effects of feeding a partial mixed ration plus a top-dress before feeding on milk production and the daily rhythm of feed intake and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. 2912 13

Is Facebook utilization beneficial or detrimental for psychological well-being? I draw on outstanding research (e.g., Chou and Edge, 2012; Lin and Utz, 2015; Appel et al., 2016; Ehrenreich and Underwood, 2016; Vogel and Rose, 2016; Hu et al., 2017) to substantiate that examining other individuals' positively presented material on Facebook may have detrimental consequences. Increasing comparisons on Facebook may generate feelings of envy, the latter being a significant process determining the effect of growing social comparison on psychological well-being. To date, there is an increasing body of literature investigating the psychological consequences of Facebook usage, the function of relationship closeness in producing the feelings of contentment and envy, the impacts of exposure to positive content on Facebook, the link between envy and depression on Facebook, and the function of tie strength in expecting the emotional results of browsing Facebook. I am specifically interested in how previous research explored the consequences of Facebook use on psychological outcomes, the moderating function of envy in the link between Facebook use and reduced affective wellbeing, the psychological results of non-interactive Facebook conduct, and the role of relationship closeness in anticipating user's contentment and envy after inspecting a post. A synthesis of the extant literature suggests that inspecting other individuals' positive news on Facebook brings about contentment through emotional contagion, whereas negative news causes discomfort as a consequence of mood contagion, the transmissible effect being more powerful when the news is associated with a strong tie. The outcomes of this research back the argument that self-confidence and dispositional envy are instrumental in producing Facebook envy. These findings highlight that the emotional results of browsing Facebook are considerably affected by the substance of the comment, the personal attributes of the Facebook user, and link between the reader and the poster. As limitations in the current review, more hypotheses need to be tested and future directions for subsequent multilevel research on the behavioral and cognitive outcomes of Facebook should illuminate why when individuals achieve belongingness demands on Facebook, they feel in a superior way about themselves and their reputation in social circles.
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PMID:Psychopathological Processes Involved in Social Comparison, Depression, and Envy on Facebook. 2941 Jun 43

Depression is a devastating mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Inflammation has been shown to be a key factor involved in the underlying pathophysiology of depression and has been shown in a substantial proportion of cases of depression. Changes attributed with morphological deformities and immunomodulation in susceptible regions of the depressed brain raised the possibility of altered cellular homeostasis transduced by the intracellular stress response. How emotional stressors can lead to an inflamed brain that directly affects physiology and activity is yet to be fully understood. The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been shown to be active in both models of depression as well as in postmortem brain of depressed individuals. The UPR is the cellular response to stress which results in misfolded proteins. Interestingly, UPR activation is directly linked to both inflammatory cytokine production and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression. The TLRs are part of the innate immune response which typically reacts to "classic invasions" such as bacteria or viruses as well as trauma. TLRs have also been shown to be upregulated in depression, thus solidifying the connection between inflammation and depression. In this review, we aim to tie the UPR-TLR response and depression, and describe the implications of such an association. We also propose future directions for their role in treatment for depression.
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PMID:Linking unfolded protein response to inflammation and depression: potential pathologic and therapeutic implications. 3021 45

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with over 300 million people affected. Almost all currently available antidepressant treatments target monoamine neurotransmitter systems and have a delayed onset of action up to several weeks that can be associated with low rates of treatment response. The endogenous opioid system has been identified as a potential target for the development of novel antidepressants due to its high opioid receptor concentrations in central limbic areas that are also implicated in physiological processes including regulation of mood and emotion. Genetic depletion, pharmacological manipulation, and preclinical models have been widely used to characterize the role of opioid transmission in depressive states. Neuroimaging studies have been carried out in clinical populations to investigate opioid transmission in mood and emotion in an attempt to identify those regional anatomical and functional brain changes that are associated with depression. Great insight has been provided into the cerebral structural and functional changes associated with depression but there remains a need to tie the functional theories of depression to anatomical localization and further neuroimaging studies are best placed to do this.
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PMID:Opioid modulation of depression: A focus on imaging studies. 3031 68

Hypothalmic orexin/hypocretin (Orx) neurons in the lateral and dorsomedial perifornical region (LH-DMH/PeF) innervate broadly throughout the brain, and receive similar inputs. This wide distribution, as well as two Orx peptides (OrxA and OrxB) and two Orx receptors (Orx1 and Orx2) allow for functionally related but distinctive behavioral outcomes, that include arousal, sleep-wake regulation, food seeking, metabolism, feeding, reward, addiction, and learning. These are all motivational functions, and tie the orexin systems to anxiety and depression as well. We present evidence, that for affective behavior, Orx1 and Orx2 receptors appear to have opposing functions. The majority of research on anxiety- and depression-related outcomes has focused on Orx1 receptors, which appear to have primarily anxiogenic and pro-depressive actions. Although there is significant research suggesting contrary findings, the primary potential for pharmacotherapies linked to the Orx1 receptor is via antagonists to block anxious and depressive behavior. Dual orexin receptor antagonists have been approved for treatment of sleep disorders, and are likely candidates for adaptation for affect disorder treatments. However, we present evidence here that demonstrates the Orx2 receptors are anxiolytic and antidepressive. Using a new experimental pre-clinical model of anxious and depressive behavior stimulated by social stress and decision-making that produces two stable behavioral phenotypes, Escape/Resilient and Stay/Susceptible, we tested the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of Orx2 agonist and antagonist drugs. Over ten behavioral measures, we have demonstrated that Orx2 agonists promote resilience, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressive behavior. In contrast, Orx2 antagonists or knockdown kindle anxious and pro-depressive behavior plus increase susceptibility. The results suggest that the Orx2 receptor may be a useful target for pharmacotherapies to treat anxiety and depression.
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PMID:Orexin/hypocretin receptor modulation of anxiolytic and antidepressive responses during social stress and decision-making: Potential for therapy. 3059 27

Relationships make important contributions to wellbeing and maintenance of self-worth. For those who sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI), life is frequently characterized by declining interpersonal relationships. The aim of this study was to understand the post-injury experience of friendship from the perspective of adults with severe TBI. Participants were 23 adults who had sustained severe TBI on average 10 years earlier; the majority was between 25 and 45 years old. The experience of friendship was explored using a convergent mixed methods design (quantitative self-report measures and in-depth interviews). Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts employed open and focussed coding to reveal themes and categories. Participants nominated on average 3.35 (SD 2.19) friends. When paid carers and family members were excluded, the mean dropped to 1.52 (SD 1.38). Exploratory correlations between number of friends and quality of life, depression and strong-tie support revealed significant associations of moderate to large effects. The post-injury experience of friendship was broadly conceptualized as "going downhill" with four overlapping phases: losing contact, being misunderstood, wanting to share and hanging on. Participants' stories illustrated how rehabilitation can focus on friendship by supporting established relationships and facilitating access to activities that afford interpersonal encounters and opportunities to share experiences.
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PMID:Loss of friendship following traumatic brain injury: A model grounded in the experience of adults with severe injury. 3075 79

Background: Across the U.S., college and university students exhibit high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. While counseling, medications and, in more severe cases, hospitalization are all appropriate treatments for such conditions, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that spending time in nature can provide tangible benefits for mental health and well-being. The aim of this study was to define a "dose" of time in nature that could be prescribed to college-age students, as a preventative and supportive mental health and well-being intervention. The specific objectives of this scoping review were thus: to define the minimum amount of time in nature that results in positive impact on mental health and well-being for college-aged students; to describe the types of engagement with nature that elicited the impact; and to describe and explore the most commonly used measure of effect pre- and post-time in nature. Methods: This scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR Checklist. A review protocol was developed but not registered. Fourteen bibliographic databases were searched and all results were blindly screened using established inclusion criteria. All titles and abstracts were screened by at least two reviewers, a third being used as a tie-breaker if needed. Studies were included if: subjects were of average college age; they examined a treatment of time (hours or minutes) in nature; they examined change in measures of mental health and well-being pre- and post-exposure; they compared participants across at least two environments; the study was published in English or French; and if the study was <20 years old. Results: Initially, 11,799 titles were identified and once de-duplicated, 10,917 titles were screened. One hundred fifty-five papers were given full text reviews, of which 14 studies were included in this review. In summary, 13 of the 14 papers explicitly noted that the participants were college students. Two-thirds of the studies (n = 10) took place in Japan. One study took place in Sweden, and the remaining studies took place in the United States (n = 3). These studies show that, when contrasted with equal durations spent in urbanized settings, as little as 10 min of sitting or walking in a diverse array of natural settings significantly and positively impacted defined psychological and physiological markers of mental well-being for college-aged individuals. Within the included studies, 22 different measures were used to assess the effects of nature doses on mental health and well-being. Conclusions: This review provides time-dose and activity-type evidence for programs looking to use time in nature as a preventative measure for stress and mental health strain, and also demonstrates opportunities in six specific foci for more research in this area.
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PMID:Minimum Time Dose in Nature to Positively Impact the Mental Health of College-Aged Students, and How to Measure It: A Scoping Review. 3199 7

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major health problem with a heterogeneous hormone-imbalance and clinical presentation across the lifespan of women. Increased androgen production and abnormal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and gonadotropin secretion, resulting in chronic anovulation are well-known features of the PCOS. The brain is both at the top of the neuroendocrine axis regulating ovarian function and a sensitive target of peripheral gonadal hormones and peptides. Current literature illustrates that neurotransmitters regulate various functions of the body, including reproduction, mood and body weight. Neurotransmitter alteration could be one of the reasons for disturbed GnRH release, consequently directing the ovarian dysfunction in PCOS, since there is plenty evidence for altered catecholamine metabolism and brain serotonin or opioid activity described in PCOS. Further, the dysregulated neurotransmitter and neuropeptide profile in PCOS could also be the reason for low self-esteem, anxiety, mood swings and depression or obesity, features closely associated with PCOS women. Can these altered central brain circuits, or the disrupted gut-brain axis be the tie that would both explain and link the pathogenesis of this disorder, the occurrence of depression, anxiety and other mood disorders as well as of obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal appetite in PCOS? This review intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of what is known about the relatively understudied, but very complex role that neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gut peptides play in PCOS. The answer to the above question may help the development of drugs to specifically target these central and peripheral circuits, thereby providing a valuable treatment for PCOS patients that present to the clinic with GnRH/LH hypersecretion, obesity or psychiatric manifestations.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and gut peptide profile in PCOS-pathways contributing to the pathophysiology, food intake and psychiatric manifestations of PCOS. 3236 21


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