Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is an international consensus on the indications of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT): they result in particular from the limitations of antidepressant drug treatment. Even though the global effect of ECT is considered as satisfactory, 10 to 20% of depressed patients eligible for ECT are treatment refractory. This warrants a search for factors predicting efficacy or lack of efficacy of ECT. Predicting factors prior to ECT: Usual clinical criteria, such as the presence of delusional thoughts, are generally classified with endogenous signs of depression. Among biological criteria, EEG data, tests assessing reactivity of autonomous nervous system, plasma measures of catecholamines, calcium and cortisol do not seem relevant parameters. Dexamethasone suppression test and stimulation of TSH by TRH have no more predictive value. Predictive indices during treatment: Empirically clinicians identified a sequence in the response of depressive symptoms, although no conclusion can be drawn from these clinical impressions. Among biological factors some authors stress the importance of the epileptogenic threshold and of measuring plasma levels of peptides released by the posterior lobe of hypophysis. Such data have to be confirmed and their physiopathological value better understood. Actually some parameters representing good therapeutic practices are valued by physicians using ECT: sufficient duration of electrical crisis, total seizure time during the series of electroshocks. Those conceptions are close to the classical emphasis on the adequate number of ECTs and to the discussion on the comparative efficacy of unilateral and bilateral ECT. After ECT most authors shift to antidepressants, although data about medium and long term outcome prediction with this approach are also lacking.
 ...
PMID:[Predictive factors of response to electronarcosis]. 180 65

Forty-one patients with DSM-III alcohol dependence syndrome were studied, as were 30 patients with major depression and 20 healthy controls. Nineteen of the alcohol-dependent patients had depressive symptoms. All subjects underwent a TRH/TSH stimulation test. Fifty percent of the alcohol-dependent patients without depression had a blunted response, while 52% of patients with depression were similarly blunted. The overall rate of blunting in the non-alcoholic major depressives was 26%. Blunting in the alcoholics was not associated with a personal or family history of affective disorder. Furthermore the blunted response in recently detoxified alcoholics was of no prognostic significance.
 ...
PMID:Serum thyrotropin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in alcohol-dependent patients with and without depression. 182 38

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was reported to stimulate respiration and abolish the respiratory depressant effect of morphine-like analgesics. Some TRH analogs which have a diminished hormonal activity may be of interest as potential non-specific opioid antagonists. The mechanism of this effect of TRH and its analogs is still unclear. Thus, in the present work the respiratory stimulant effect of TRH and its analog RGH 2202 was studied in the urethane-anesthetized vagotomized artificially-ventilated rats. The integrated diaphragmatic electromyogram was used to evaluate the effects of the drugs. TRH and RGH 2202 administered either i.v. or directly onto the dorsal medullary surface significantly increased the respiratory activity of the diaphragm. TRH and RGH 2202 also effectively antagonized the diaphragm activity depression caused by morphine. The latency, time course and activity of RGH 2202 turned out to be close to those of TRH. The possible involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the mechanism of action of TRH and RGH 2202 was also investigated. It was shown that the non-competitive NMDA antagonists ketamine and MK-801 and the competitive antagonist D-amino-5-phosphonovalerate after local or i.v. administration prevented or discontinued the diaphragm activity stimulation by TRH and RGH 2202. Moreover, they blocked the antagonistic action of TRH and RGH 2202 on the morphine-induced diaphragm activity depression. Thus, we conclude, that TRH and RGH 2202 cause similar stimulant effects on the respiratory activity of the diaphragm and effectively antagonize its depression by morphine. These effects are likely to be mediated by the NMDA receptors located in the central respiratory structures.
 ...
PMID:Stimulant effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its analog, RGH 2202, on the diaphragm respiratory activity, and their antagonism with morphine: possible involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. 183 29

A depressive man was evaluated for developing chronic fatigue and cold intolerance, in whom laboratory findings showed decreased thyroid hormone levels (T4, 2.7 micrograms dl-1; T3, 0.76 ng ml-1) with normal blood levels of TSH. A single bolus injection of TRH (500 micrograms) significantly stimulated prolactin secretion, but did not cause an increase in blood TSH levels (basal level, 1.2 microU ml-1 vs. 1.3 microU ml-1 30 min after injection). By contrast, TRH-induced TSH stimulation occurred after repeated injection of TRH for 4 consecutive days (basal level, 1.5 microU ml-1 vs. 5.6 microU ml-1 30 min after injection). Blood thyroid hormone concentrations were restored to normal levels after long-term administration of TRH. Other pituitary functions remained unchanged. A diagnosis of central hypothyroidism due to isolated TRH deficiency was made in this case, and the data presented here indicate that partial resistance of pituitary thyrotrophs to TRH may be associated with depression.
 ...
PMID:Central hypothyroidism due to isolated TRH deficiency in a depressive man. 190 Oct 77

In this prospective study of 35 patients hospitalized for depression, TSH levels were measured before and after stimulation by TRH. The type of depression was determined and its intensity was evaluated by means of the HARD scale. Subjects with systemic disease or receiving treatments known as being likely to influence TSH levels had been excluded. In none of these 35 patients was the TSH level below the lower limit of normal values, nor was there any blunting of response to TRH. These results suggest that depression is not a cause of TSH fall and that a low TSH level with normal hormonaemia must call for scintiscanning, even in depressed subjects.
 ...
PMID:[Ultrasensitive TSH and thyroliberin test in patients hospitalized for depression]. 190 59

In a rat model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock causing the death of all saline-treated animals within 30 min of treatment, the intravenous bolus injection of thyrotropin- releasing hormone tartrate (TRH-T) at the dose of 4 mg/kg induced the prompt and sustained disappearance of the ECG and EEG signs of heart and brain ischemia, along with the reversal of hypotension and respiratory depression and with 100% survival rate at the end of the 2 h observation period. These data confirm that, in a pre-terminal condition induced by massive hemorrhage, timely treatment with TRH-T will restore heart and brain perfusion to levels compatible with survival and with functional recovery from ischemia and maintain it at those levels for some hours.
 ...
PMID:TRH reverses the ECG and EEG ischemic changes induced by massive hemorrhage in rats. 194 85

Twenty-four patients with unexplained somatic complaints were subjected to a thorough somatic examination. Only when the examination proved negative was the patient entered into the study. The patients were clinically appraised according to criteria given in DSM-III. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was diagnosed in 12, somatization disorder (SD) in 8, and hypochondriasis in 4 patients. Seventeen of the 24 patients agreed to participate in biochemical investigations including a TRH load, a dexamethasone test, and a determination of the monoamine metabolites 5-HIAA and HVA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A normal TSH increase and a normal suppression of cortisol were registered. The HVA values correlated significantly with the 5-HIAA values as well as with the alexithymia scores. Concerning alexithymia and maturity level, no difference as to social class was found. The patients filled in a Zung depression chart. The Zung scale and the 5-HIAA values were both inconsistent with depressive illness. In so-called hypochondriasis a long-term relationship, including selected somatic and biochemical examinations and thorough information, was crucial in abating the patient's distrust and thus the need for health care.
 ...
PMID:A study of so-called hypochondriasis. 209 Oct 34

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests were performed on 81 alcoholic men after at least 3 weeks of abstinence. Subjects were given 500 micrograms of TRH intravenously, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) were measured at baseline, and then 15 and 30 min later. Comparisons were made among alcoholics with (n = 27) and without (n = 54) a lifetime history of depression as determined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Nine nondepressed, nonalcoholic subjects served as controls. Alcoholics with or without a depression history did not differ from each other or from control in TSH or PRL response area under the curve. Blunted TSH responses were present in 10 (12%) of the alcoholics and none of the controls when blunting was defined as a delta max TSH less than 5 microU/ml. When blunting was defined as a delta max TSH less than 7 microU/ml, 18 (22%) of the alcoholics and 1 (1%) of the controls were blunted. Conversely, 2 (2.5%) of the alcoholics had a delta max TSH greater than 32 microU/ml. All subjects were clinically euthyroid. Contrary to expectation, depressed subjects were slightly less likely to show blunted responses than nondepressed subjects. No relationship was found between neuroendocrine measurements and several measurements of alcoholism or depression. Some alcoholic subjects show a blunted TSH response to TRH injection, which may be a function primarily of the alcoholism itself. The precise mechanism remains unknown.
 ...
PMID:Thyrotropin and prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depressed and nondepressed alcoholic men. 210 5

To determine the extent of dysregulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in endogenous depression, we measured nocturnal serum GH concentrations and GH responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LHRH), and dexamethasone administration in 40 Research Diagnostic Criteria primary, definite endogenous depressives and 40 individually matched normal control subjects. Compared with their controls, the patients showed no difference in basal nocturnal GH concentrations or in GH responses to TRH or LHRH. The GH measures were not significantly related to the other endocrine measures reported previously, including dexamethasone suppression test status. None of the diagnostic schemes for endogenous/melancholic depression which we studied was significantly related to the GH measures in the patients. Of the other subject and symptom variables, the mood depression factor of the Hamilton depression scale and the performance difficulty factor of the Beck depression inventory were moderately negatively correlated with the nocturnal GH measures. These findings suggest that, in contrast to the previously reported hypothalamopituitary-adrenal cortical and thyroid axis abnormalities in our patients, GH secretion was relatively normal. Patients with more severe depressed mood and greater difficulty accomplishing tasks did have moderately lower nocturnal GH values.
 ...
PMID:Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. X: Serum growth hormone measures in patients and matched control subjects. 211 Nov 83

Several studies have demonstrated that a consistent part of patients with severe depression shows anomalous responses of neuroendocrine axes. In the last years, altered TSH responsiveness to exogenous TRH have been reported also in patients with panic disorders. Because of these suggestions we studied stimulated TSH secretion in 24 untreated hospitalized patients (8 males and 16 females), aged from 21 to 76, in whom the psychiatric examination disclosed mild but inequivocal signs of persistent depression (score range on Rufin and Ferreri Iventory from 20 to 35). The TRH-test (200 mcg i.v.) was started between 9.00 and 9.30 a.m.. The same test was performed also in 14 sex- and age-matched volunteers defined without psychiatric disorders. As comparison parameter, delta-TSH (maximum increase during TRH stimulation) was accounted. All the patients had normal serum thyroid hormone levels. TSH responsiveness of patients with minor depressive disorders was not found statistically different when compared with normal control volunteers, but a reverse significant correlation was found between delta-TSH and percentage score of anxiety in group of patients (with blunted TSH response in 6 (25%) patients), that was not found in normal subjects. A significant correlation between delta-TSH and depression degree was not found. The present data, although preliminary, could indicate the existence of depressed subjects in whom blunted TSH response to TRH seems related to anxiety degree. Additional studies, particularly on the medullo-adrenal function, might clarify the nature of these alterations, that at state is unclear, although the mechanisms suggested also for alterations of pituitary hormone responses in major depression could be taken in account.
 ...
PMID:[Stimulated secretion of TSH in patients with depression of mild nature]. 211 18


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>