Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A double-blind controlled study of the effect of piperazine estrone sulfate on sleep, depression, anxiety, and hot flushes was conducted in 34 perimenopausal women aged 45-55. 1/2 of the group received placebo for 6 weeks, then piperazine estrone sulfate (1.5 mg twice daily) for 8 weeks, while 1/2 remained on placebo throughout. Sleep was recorded electrophysiologically every week after adaptation and baseline readings. Mood and anxiety were rated daily by means of visual analogue scales. Hot flushes were counted daily. Observer rating scales of anxiety and depression were completed at the beginning and end of the baseline placebo period and at the end of the 1st and 2nd treatment month. During the 1st month of active treatment, the amount of intervening wakefulness in the first 6 hours of sleep decreased significantly more in the estrone group than in those on placebo. Between the baseline period and the 2nd treatment month, the estrone group showed a significantly greater decrease in the total amount of wakefulness and in the frequency of awakenings. Their total amount of rapid eye movement sleep increased. Mood and anxiety improved and the number of hot flushes decreased to a similar degree in both groups.
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PMID:Effect of oestrogen on the sleep, mood, and anxiety of menopausal women. 33 4

A specific inhibitory activity of in vitro proliferative responses of normal human lymphocytes to Candida metabolic antigen was found in the serum of 6 out of 23 children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. In each of the six patients, the presence of an inhibitory activity was associated with Candida-specific cellular defects, characterized by a negative-skin test and a lack of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. The presence of a circulating inhibitor was detected during relapses of the disease and disappeared under antifungal therapy. This inhibitory effect was not associated with any toxicity on tested lymphocytes. The factor was shown to be nondialysable, thermostable, nonprecipitable with ammonium sulfate and absorbable on anti-Candida antibodies or concanavalin A-coupled agarose columns. Altogether, these results suggest that the inhibitory factor is not an immunoglobulin, but rather a polysaccharidic antigen of Candida albicans. An inhibition of Candida-induced proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes was also obtained by addition of polysacharide antigens or purified mannans from C. albicans to cultures. Candida polysaccharidic antigens appeared, therefore, to be involved in specific depression of cellular functions observed in chronic candidiasis.
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PMID:Specific inhibition of in vitro Candida-induced lymphocyte proliferation by polysaccharidic antigens present in the serum of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. 36 54

There is renewed interest in the clinical pharmacology of phenelzine sulfate and other monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Newer clinical and analytic techniques recently have been applied to investigations of this class of drugs in man. The results show that drugs such as phenelzine are effective in nonendogenous depression and phobic disorders. Clinical response to phenelzine is related to platelet MAO inhibition and dosage per unit body weight. High percent MAO inhibition in platelets at two weeks is associated with greater improvement after a six-week course of treatment. Our data show that a safe, effective phenelzine dose in 1 mg/kg body weight per day. These results have delineated the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of phenelzine and support a continuing role for MAO inhibitors in psychopharmacology.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacology of phenelzine. 36 27

The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine and the symptoms and treatment of acute clinidine overdosage are reviewed. Clonidine, a relatively safe and effective antihypertensive agent when used at therapeutic dosages, reduces blood pressure through a centrally mediated reduction in vasomotor tone. The primary symptoms of clonidine overdosage are central nervous system depression, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, hypotonia, respiratory depression and possibly seizures. Gastric lavage followed by administration of activated charcoal is used to decrease absorption following acute oral ingestion. Intravenous fluid therapy and dopamine infusion are recommended for severe hypotension, and atropine sulfate is used to manage persistent bradycardia. Treatment of hypotension with alpha-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., tolazoline) is not recommended unless patients fail to respond to dopamine infusion and administration of i.v. fluids.
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PMID:Clonidine overdose: a review. 38 42

Serum somatomedin activity (SM-act) and cartilage metabolism were compared in acutely fasted, marasmic (M), and marasmic kwashiorkor (MK) rats. SM-act was estimated in the porcine bioassay. In vitro uptake of [35S]sulfate and [3H]methylthymidine in costal cartilage of the experimental animals during an incubation in medium immediately after sacrifice, called endogenous activity, and the effect of incubation in 20% normal human plasma after a preincubation of 22 h in medium only, called plasma responsiveness", were determined. Acutely fasted rats had lowered SM-act and a circulating heat-labile inhibitor. Endogenous activity and responsiveness of cartilage were depressed. MK rats (fed ad libitum a 0.5% casein, isocaloric food) showed a profound depression of growth and cartilage endogenous activity despite only partially reduced SM-act and increased responsiveness. M rats received normal food and were pair-fed with MK rats, consuming approximately 0.08 g/g BW . day. They showed very depressed SM-act and low endogenous activity, and responsiveness was increased, though less than in the MK rats. On refeeding M rats, SM-act and cartilage responsiveness increased, followed by an increase of endogenous activity. Catch-up growth was best related to [3H]methylthymidine incorporation by cartilage (endogenous activity). In conclusion, these two types of experimental chronic malnutrition induce a more diversified pattern than does acute fasting. During malnutrition, cartilage metabolism does not reflect bioassayable SM-act of serum but rather the other effects of the nutritional insult. On refeeding, the expected relationship of SM-act and cartilage metabolism is rapidly restored.
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PMID:Serum somatomedin activity and cartilage metabolism in acutely fasted, chronically malnourished, and refed rats. 46 43

In rats, 3 days treatment with paracetamol (1 oral dose of 1 g/kg daily) produced a complete protection against the hepatotoxic actions of a further dose of paracetamol as documented by determination of serum enzyme activities (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), bromsulphthalein retention and histological investigations. Subacute paracetamol treatment decreased liver glutathione levels by 46%, liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content by 23%, hepatic hydroxylation of aniline by 29% and hepatic demethylation of aminopyrine by 46%. It afforded also some protection against the hepatotoxic actions of carbon tetrachloride, bromobenzene and thioacetamide, but did not influence the antiphlogistic activity of paracetamol (carrageenan paw edema test). Plasma and liver concentrations of free paracetamol after oral administration of 1 g/kg paracetamol were somewhat higher in the subacutely paracetamol-pretreated rats than in the non-pretreated control animals whereas no differences in the concentrations of conjugated paracetamol were found between the 2 groups. Pretreatment with paracetamol did not influence the urinary excretion of free paracetamol but caused some shift in the urinary excretion of paracetamol conjugates: pretreated rats excreted 23% less of the paracetamol glucuronide and sulfate and 33% more of the paracetamol mercapturate than the control animals. A depression of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity is presumed to be the main cause of the paracetamol-induced protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Studies on the mechanism of paracetamol-induced protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity. 47 30

Activities of L-glycyl-L-valine and L-glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase were studied in the mucosa of the small intestine of rats following intraperitoneal administration of vinblastine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg). Activities of these dipeptidases were depressed significantly; the effect was maximal between 4 and 5 h after the injection and lasted for more than 16 h. The depression in the enzyme activities reached even up to 95% when the alkaloid was administered repeatedly in 4-hourly intervals. The present results, showing a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on these dipeptidases, suggest a toxic effect on the enzymes in addition to simple inhibition resulting from a blockade of cell division. The former possibility was examined by incubating mucosal homogenates with various concentrations of the alkaloid for 30 min. Subsequent measurement of the activities showed a significant depression when the alkaloid concentration was raised to 10 microgram/mg wet mucosa. It is concluded that vinblastine sulfate not only arrests the mitosis of the crypts but influences, additionally, the enzymatic complements of the enterocytes.
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PMID:A study of small intestinal dipeptidases of rats: effect of vinblastine treatment. 48 47

The effects of various cations on the water unit activity were studied by recording unitary discharges in the superior laryngeal nerve fibers of the rabbit. Chloride salts of Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+ depressed the water response, while sulfate salts of Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+ facilitated it. Cations were less effective in stimulating action than anions. The depression of the water response in the laryngeal nerve has been thought to be caused by permeation of the stimulating anions through the receptor membrane and/or by destruction of the water structure on the membrane surface induced by adsorbed anions (SHINGAI, 1977 a). In order to differentiate these two possible actions of anions, the effects of benzenesulfonate and trichloroacetate were examined, because these anions were expected to be impermeant through the receptor membrane and to have a water structure-breaking effect. These anions showed no effect on the water response in concentrations below 320 mM. Measurements of the viscosity and the density of the electrolyte solutions showed that benzenesulfonate had a strong water structure-breaking effect. These results suggested that impermeant anions having water structure-breaking actions do not influence the excitability of the water receptor and that the depression of the water response by anions in the stimulating solution is caused by a hyperpolarization generated by permeation of the anions through the receptor membrane.
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PMID:Physicochemical study of receptive mechanism of laryngeal water fibers in the rabbit. 53 47

The cardiovascular effects of 3 preparations of atropine sulfate were studied acutely in open-chest, vagotomized dogs under endotracheal halothane anesthesia. Indices of myocardial performance (LVdp/dt/CPIP and maximum ascending aortic blood acceleration) showed insignificant changes when varying doses of IV atropine (0.04 mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg) were given. However, mean ascending aortic pressure fell by 20 percent following the larger doses of 2 commercial preparations containing antibacterial preservatives, and only 9 percent following a "pure" (USP) atropine preparation. Calculated changes in systemic vascular resistance closely followed actual pressure values. These results indicate that atropine, even in large doses, causes little or no depression of ventricular function independently of its chronotropic action. However, atropine does cause a fall in blood pressure, seemingly due to peripheral vasodilation, particularly in commercial preparations containing preservatives.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effects of atropine sulfate preparations in vagotomized dogs under halothane anesthesia. 55 29

Twenty-four hours in vitro incubations were used to study the effect of nitrate and molybdenum on sulfur utilization by rumen microorganisms. Sulfur was added as sodium sulfate or sulfide at .1, .2, .3, or .4% of the substrate dry matter. Cellulose digestion was an indicator of microbial growth. The addition of .1 to .4% sulfate or sulfide sulfur increased cellulose digestion over the conrol, the two sulfur sources being equal in promoting cellulose digestion. No differences in cellulose digestion were found between .1 and .4% added sulfur. However, the addition of .4 of .8% nitrate-nitrogen depressed cellulose digestion and increased the requirement for both sulfate and sulfide. Depression was greater with .8% nitrate-nitrogen. In the presence of nitrate, sulfide was superior to sulfate in promoting cellulose digestion. When 4 or 8 ppm molybdenum were added to the incubations, increasing concentrations of both sulfate and sulfide were required to obtain maximum cellulose digestion. Molybdenum additions increased both the sulfate and sulfide requirement for maximum cellulose digestion.
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PMID:Influence of nitrate and molybdenum on sulfur utilization by rumen microorganisms. 56 77


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