Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty Holstein cows, averaging 108 d postpartum, were used in five replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares to investigate the effects of feed processing and frequency of feeding on ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition. Four rumen-fistulated cows were used in one of the replicates to monitor ruminal fermentation. Each cow was fed for ad libitum intake a diet of 55% alfalfa and 45% concentrate on a DM basis. Treatments were 1) noncubed diet fed two times daily, 2) noncubed diet fed four times daily, 3) cubed diet fed two times daily, and 4) cubed diet fed four times daily. Alfalfa was fed as long hay in the noncubed diet and chopped and pressed into a cube in the cubed diet. Dry matter intake by cows was not different between treatment comparisons. However, cows fed the noncubed diet consumed 5% more concentrate and 5% less alfalfa than did cows fed the cubed diet. Milk production was greater (1.4 kg/d) when the cubed diet was fed to cows, but the percentage and yield of milk fat were depressed (.43 percentage units and .09 kg/d), causing a decreased production of 4% FCM (.9 kg/d). The depression in milk fat percentage and yield may have been attributed to lowered ruminal fluid pH and a decreased ratio of acetate to propionate in cows consuming the cubed diet. Even though ruminal fluid pH and the ratio of ratio of acetate to propionate tended to be lower when cows were fed four times rather than two times per day, production and composition of milk were not affected by frequency of feeding the diets.
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PMID:Effects of feed processing and frequency of feeding on ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition. 209 74

We investigated the acute effect of the new long-acting ACE-inhibitor ramipril on angina-limited exercise tolerance and exercise-induced ST-depression in 18 normotensive patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients underwent a repeat exercise ECG 24 hours following either 5 mg ramipril p.o. or placebo. Plasma-ACE activity (nmol/min x ml) in the ramipril-group (n = 8) was significantly reduced 24 hours after 5 mg ramipril compared to placebo (n = 10): 14.0 +/- 2.0 vs 87.2 +/- 13.5, p less than 0.001. Exercise-induced ST-segment depression was not different before and after ramipril or placebo. Heart rate at rest and during angina-limited exercise was not different between the first exercise-ECG and that after ramipril or placebo, nor between the groups. Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) was slightly, but insignificantly, lower after than before ramipril at rest (113.8 +/- 5 vs 125 +/- 6.8) and at maximal exercise, 1.5 watt/kg (150 +/- 9.4 vs 158.3 +/- 13.3). In the placebo group, blood pressure at rest and during exercise was not different before and after placebo: 126 +/- 4.7 vs 125.5 +/- 7.5 and 157.5 +/- 3.8 vs 158 +/- 3.6. Rate-pressure-product (mmHg/min x 1000) at rest prior to (8.42 +/- 0.83 and 8.95 +/- 0.51) and after ramipril or placebo (8.00 +/- 0.94 and 8.93 +/- 0.71) showed no significant difference. Similarly, rate-pressure-product at maximal exercise was equal among the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Acute effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients with coronary heart disease]. 213 4

In a retrospective study the case histories of 70 users of Depo-Provera (containing depo medroxyprogesterone acetate) were reviewed during April-June 1987 at the Family Planning Association of Victoria's Richmond Clinic in Australia to ascertain their socioeconomic status, obstetric and contraceptive history, and side effects of Depo-Provera use. 47 (67%) were employed; 20 (29%) were health care card holders (8 were unemployed and 6 were supporting mothers); 2 were wards of state referred from adolescent institutions; and 3 women (4%) had intellectual disability. 37 (53%) had been pregnant with the total number of pregnancies of 65; 16 women had a total of 25 terminations of pregnancy; and 1 woman had a history of 4 therapeutic abortions. 53 women (76%) had started using contraception before the age of 20; 47% had used more than 1 type of contraception, 46% had used oral contraceptives only, 23% had used the condom, and 5% had used nothing. Age range at start of Depo Provera use was 14-40 years. The reasons given for commencing Depo-Provera included a combination of problems with other methods, forgetting OCs, and side effects of OCs. 47 (67%) had requested the use of Depo-Provera, of whom 13 (18%) had used it previously. 43 (61%) used Depo-Provera for 1 year or less, and only 1 patient had used it for 6 years. Among 52 women (74%) who had more than 1 dose of the injectable, the major side effects related to menstrual disturbances; 31 (41%) had amenorrhea. 2 of these women had breakthrough bleeding during the 1st dose. 17 women (24%) had either irregular bleeding or breakthrough bleeding, while 1 patient continued to have regular periods. 7 women (10%) had other side effects including depression; 4 women (6%) complained of weight gain; and 2 (3%) had breast soreness. 41 women (59%) were smokers, and 40% of them smoked 15 or more cigarettes per day. 35% of the women continued with the method beyond the study period, while the proportion of women within the clinic who continued using Depo-Provera was about 0.5%.
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PMID:Depo Provera: a profile of current users. 214 Jun 75

We have compared the in-vitro interactions of quinine and cinchonine, two alkaloids from cinchona bark, with human neutrophil functions. Although these molecules are structurally similar, they induced a quantitatively different depressive effect on neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative response. Quinine produced the strongest effect at concentrations as low as 10 mg/l, which may be achievable in serum during therapeutic use of this compound. The depression induced by cinchonine was noticeable only at 100 mg/l. Chemotaxis was decreased by about 25% (formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) or 39% (serum) for quinine (100 mg/l) only if a constant concentration of the drug was maintained during the assay while cinchonine had no effect on this PMN function. The greatest impairment was observed for the PMN oxidative burst: this was dose-dependent whatever the stimulus used (phorbol-myristate-acetate or opsonized zymosan). After 30 min incubation in the presence of the drugs, the zymosan-induced chemiluminescence response was decreased by 96% and by 67% with quinine, 100 and 10 mg/l, respectively, and by 62% with cinchonine 100 mg/l. The myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of PMN was reduced by 100% and 46% with quinine, 100 and 10 mg/l, respectively, whereas cinchonine decreased this function by about 95% at 100 mg/l and 14% at 10 mg/l. Superoxide anion generation was impaired by 94% (quinine 100 mg/l) or 45% (cinchonine 100 mg/l). The relevance to the clinical situation and the possible mechanisms of such effects are discussed.
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PMID:Effect of quinine and cinchonine on human neutrophils functions in vitro. 216 14

Previous work demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates the Ca2+/protein kinase C (PKC) system in addition to cAMP production. Therefore, the authors explored the role of cAMP-dependent and Ca2(+)-dependent signals in the regulation of osteoblastic growth and bone resorption. In exponentially growing UMR 106-01 osteogenic sarcoma cells, PTH (10(-7) M) inhibited [3H] thymidine incorporation by 80%. This effect was reproduced by maximal doses of both dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP) and forskolin. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (10(-7) M) had no effect, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was slightly mitogenic. The antimitogenic action of dbcAMP was dose-dependent, with ED0.5 at about 3 X 10(-5) M. Ionomycin enhanced this dbcAMP effect at submaximal doses of the cAMP analog. PMA used in combination with both dbcAMP and ionomycin induced further depression of cell proliferation, indicating synergism with cAMP. Both dbcAMP (10(-4) M) and ionomycin (10(-7) M) stimulated 45Ca release from fetal rat limb bones after five days in culture, although the Ca2+ ionophore was less potent. 1-Oleoyl 2-acetyl-glycerol (2 X 10(-6) M) was ineffective alone, and slightly inhibited the 45Ca release produced by the other second messenger analogs in all combinations. The combination of dbcAMP and ionomycin showed a synergistic effect, and fully reproduced PTH effect. In conclusion, PTH signal transduction for control of cell proliferation and bone resorption is mediated mainly by cAMP. Activation of the Ca2+/PKC message system is nevertheless necessary to express a full hormonal response in both cell and organ culture systems.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP-dependent and calcium-dependent signals in parathyroid hormone function. 217 68

Cinnamic acid inhibits the O2(-)-generating response of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages elicited with a chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), but not those with ovalbumin complex of immunoglobulin G2 antibody and phorbol-myristate acetate. During the course of study on the inhibitory mechanism of cinnamic acid, we found that the acid also inhibited the Ca2+ mobilization elicited with fMLP, but not that with the immune complex. In addition, the treatment of macrophages with Ionomycin and ethyleneglycol bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid for depletion of the intracellular Ca2+ inactivated completely the O2- generation elicited with fMLP, but not its counterpart of the immune complex. Thus, the inhibitory activity of cinnamic acid on the O2- generation elicited with fMLP seems partly due to that on the Ca2+ mobilization. On the other hand, cinnamic acid augmented the intracellular accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the presence of 3-isobutyl 1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and elevated more intensively the concentration of cyclic AMP when macrophages were stimulated with fMLP. Since IBMX inhibited the O2- generation elicited with fMLP, the enhancement of activation of an adenylate cyclase by cinnamic acid might cause depression of the O2- generation. This possibility, however, seems to be excluded by the fact that the same effect of cinnamic acid was observed even when macrophages were stimulated with the immune complex.
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PMID:Different effects of cinnamic acid on the O2- generation by guinea pig macrophages stimulated with a chemotactic peptide and immune complex. 217 2

Although excess ethanol consumption is often considered to lead to adiposity, the metabolic routes by which this might occur are not clear. We have investigated some metabolic consequences of acute ethanol ingestion by measuring arteriovenous differences across forearm muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue for 6 hours after ingestion of 47.5 g ethanol, in seven normal subjects fasted overnight. The expected systemic effects of ethanol ingestion were observed: slight lowering of the plasma glucose concentration, depression of plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, and elevation of the blood lactate/pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios. There was a marked reduction in blood total ketone bodies in relation to plasma NEFA concentrations. However, the only major change observed in peripheral tissue metabolism was an increased uptake of acetate into forearm muscle, equivalent, in whole-body terms, to only 3% of the ethanol load. Adipose tissue appeared to show a reduced cytoplasmic state in that it exported an increased ratio of lactate to pyruvate after ethanol ingestion. However, this reduced state did not lead to increased fatty acid reesterification within adipose tissue. No mechanism was clearly identified whereby ethanol ingestion might lead to net deposition of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue.
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PMID:Metabolic responses of forearm and adipose tissues to acute ethanol ingestion. 220 87

This double-blind, cross-over trial was designed to assess the effects of megestrol acetate (MA) on cancer-induced cachexia. Forty consecutive malnourished patients with advanced non-hormone-responsive tumors receiving no antineoplastic treatment were randomized to receive MA 480 mg/day versus placebo for 7 days. During day 8, a cross-over was made until day 15. Appetite, pain, nausea, depression, energy, and well-being were assessed with a visual analog scale (0 to 100 mm) at 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM during days 6, 7, 13, and 14. Weight (W;kg), tricep skinfold (TS; mm), arm circumference (AC; cm), and calf circumference (CC; cm) were measured at days 1, 8, and 15. Caloric intake (CI; Kcal/day) was determined during days 6, 7, 13, and 14. In 31 evaluable patients, the percentual difference in appetite at 9:00 AM, appetite at 4:00 PM, energy, and well-being after MA was +15.1, +14, +3.2, and +5.2, versus -12 (P = 0.03), -5.1 (P = 0.015), -10 (P = 0.024), and -8.3 (not significant) after placebo. Percentual difference in W, TS, AC, and CC after MA was +0.2, +1, -0.1, and +0.4 versus -0.8 (P = 0.03), -0.8 (P = 0.001), -0.3 (not significant), and -0.5 (P = 0.04) after placebo. CI during MA was 3480 +/- 1574 (48-hour intake), versus 2793 +/- 1542 (P less than 0.001) during placebo. Patients and investigators blindly chose MA in 20 (66%, P = 0.023) and 28 cases (92%, P less than 0.001), placebo in eight and two cases, and made no choice in three and one cases, respectively. Toxicity consisted of mild edema and nausea in three and two cases, respectively. After mean follow-up of 27 +/- 13 days, on an open basis, an average increase in W and AC of 4.8 +/- 1.7 kg and 2.8 +/- 1.7 cm was observed, respectively. The authors conclude that MA is a powerful appetite stimulant with subjective and objective effects on nutritional status.
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PMID:A controlled trial of megestrol acetate on appetite, caloric intake, nutritional status, and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. 220 58

1. The effects of the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were examined on function and energy metabolism in the isolated working heart of the rat. 2. At a concentration of 10(-9) M PMA produced a rapid loss in cardiac function in terms of aortic flow rate (AFR) and coronary flow rates (CFR) whereas a similar concentration of 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate was ineffective. At a concentration of 10(-10) M, the PMA-induced depression was more gradual but nevertheless very pronounced with an almost total loss in AFR after 30 min perfusion. The reduction in CFR was more moderate than that observed with respect to AFR. 3. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (+/-)-1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-acylglycerol significantly attenuated the loss in AFR and CFR following addition of PMA. 4. Two inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange, amiloride and quinacrine, totally prevented the reduction in AFR. Although the PMA-induced depression in CFR was also attenuated by both amiloride and quinacrine, these effects were not significant, probably reflecting the less pronounced effect of PMA on this parameter. 5. Nifedipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker reduced PMA toxicity to a similar degree as Na+/N+ exchange inhibition whereas the calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 was without effect. 6. Tissue content of energy metabolites including high energy phosphates, total adenine nucleotides or lactate were not significantly affected by PMA perfusion. 7. We conclude that PKC activation is necessary for phorbol ester-induced cardiac dysfunction. The consequence of PKC stimulation includes (1) Na+/H+ exchange activation and a subsequent elevation in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i via Na+/Ca2+ exchange and (2) PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the calcium channel, both of which would produce toxicity by elevation of [Ca21]i. Pharmacological manipulation of any of these steps prevents PMA toxicity by virtue of a reduction in the accumulation of [Ca21]i. PMA effects or their prevention are unrelated to any changes in energy metabolism.
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PMID:Mechanisms for cardiac depression induced by phorbol myristate acetate in working rat hearts. 220 2

Two trials were conducted to examine reproductive function and feedlot performance by heifers after active immunization against GnRH. In trial 1, heifers were not immunized or were immunized with one of three doses of a GnRH-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant. Antibodies against GnRH were not detectable in non-immunized heifers (n = 9). However, antibodies against GnRH were noted in all immunized animals (n = 30) within 8 wk of primary immunization; anti-GnRH antibody concentrations were at a maximum 16 to 20 wk after immunization. This increased anti-GnRH titer was associated with a decreased serum concentration of progesterone. Ovarian and uterine weight and tissue concentrations of LH and GnRH receptor were reduced (P less than .05) by immunoneutralization of GnRH. Similarly, immunization against GnRH reduced (P less than .05) weight gain during feedlot confinement. In trial 2, feedlot performance after insertion of anabolic steroid implants (Synovex H) was evaluated in non-immunized heifers (n = 15), heifers actively immunized against GnRH-KLH (n = 15) or KLH alone (n = 15), or non-immunized heifers treated with melengestrol acetate (MGA; n = 15). Serum concentrations of progesterone were depressed in anti-GnRH and MGA-fed groups, but ovarian and uterine weights were depressed (P less than .05) only in heifers immunized against GnRH. Total weight gain and gain during the final 4 wk of confinement did not differ (P greater than .05) among groups with steroid implants. The GnRH-KLH conjugate is an effective immunogen in heifers, leading to suppression of reproductive activity. The depression of weight gain that attends development of anti-GnRH titers may be reversed by use of implants that contain anabolic steroids.
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PMID:Reproductive function and feedlot performance of beef heifers actively immunized against GnRH1. 221 9


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