Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

VIP and secretin were compared in regard to their effects on gastric acid and pepsin secretion induced by pentagastrin histamine or a peptone meal as well as on gastric mucosal blood flow and meal induced serum gastrin level in conscious dogs provided with gastric fistulas and denervated fundic pouches. Both VIP and secretin caused a dose-related stimulation of basal pepsin outputs and inhibition of pentagastrin-induced acid secretion. VIP, like secretin, inhibited pentagastrin and meal-induced gastric acid secretion but in contrast to secretin it caused inhibition of acid response to histamine. Inhibition of acid secretion by VIP or secretin was accompanied by secondary reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow in tests with pentagastrin or histamine and by depression of the serum gastrin level in tests with a peptone meal. This study indicates that in comparison with secretin, VIP has a wider spectrum of inhibition of stimulated gastric secretion and may be considered as one of the enterogastrones released in the small intestine.
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PMID:Comparison of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin in gastric secretion and mucosal blood flow. 76 58

Passive immunization of incubating ring doves with daily injections of sheep anti-chicken vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (cVIP) serum prevented the proliferation of crop sac tissue observed in control doves given nonimmune serum. Daily injections of anti-cVIP serum did not prevent crop sac development in nonbreeding doves simultaneously treated with ovine prolactin. The concentrations of plasma prolactin were significantly depressed in birds given anti-cVIP serum although this effect became progressively less pronounced during the course of the 7- or 14-day treatment periods. Body weights and weights of regressed reproductive organs were unaffected by treatment with anti-cVIP serum and did not differ significantly from control birds. Doves showing a decreased prolactin response to anti-cVIP serum treatment developed an immune response to sheep serum which may have immunoneutralized the administered antibody. Concentrations of plasma LH were not consistently affected by anti-cVIP serum administration and were low throughout the study. The depression in plasma LH normally seen in females after their young hatch was not observed in females treated with anti-cVIP serum. No effect of treatment was observed upon the birds' incubation behavior or in their readiness to feed and brood their young. These results suggest that in the ring dove, VIP is the physiological prolactin-releasing factor responsible for stimulating prolactin secretion and consequently the development of the crop sac, during incubation. They further indicate that increased concentrations of plasma prolactin may not be essential for gonadal regression or the maintenance of full incubation and brooding behavior in ring doves under laboratory conditions.
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PMID:Passive immunization against chicken vasoactive intestinal polypeptide suppresses plasma prolactin and crop sac development in incubating ring doves. 193 23

ACTH-release by primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells in response to CRF, vasopressin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and VIP is readily suppressible by dexamethasone. Rat hypothalamic extract-induced ACTH release is less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone than that elicited by CRF and the other secretagogues mentioned above. In studying the additive and potentiating effect on ACTH release of CRF in combination with vasopressin, VIP and the catecholamines it became evident that only the combination of micromolar concentrations of epinephrine or norepinephrine together with nanomolar concentrations of CRF will make ACTH release significantly less sensitive to the suppressive effect of dexamethasone. Other combinations of CRF and vasopressin or CRF and VIP will render ACTH release as suppressible to dexamethasone, as that elicited by each of these compounds by itself. This observation in the rat might explain at least in part the observation that a diminished suppressibility of the pituitary-adrenal axis to dexamethasone can be found in patients with psychiatric disease, especially depression.
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PMID:High concentrations of catecholamines selectively diminish the sensitivity of CRF-stimulated ACTH release by cultured rat pituitary cells to the suppressive effects of dexamethasone. 301 54

The effect of a subcutaneous bolus injection of 2 micrograms magnitude of Ac,Tyr1,D-Phe2-GRF(1-29) amide, a specific VIP antagonist (VIP-A), on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis were investigated in both normal and ether- or cold-stressed rats. Blood concentrations of ACTH, aldosterone (ALDO) and corticosterone (B) were measured by specific RIA 1, 2 or 4 h after VIP-A injection. VIP-A administration to normal rats strikingly lowered the plasma concentration of ALDO, without significantly affecting those of ACTH and B. Ether and cold stresses notably raised the blood levels of ACTH, ALDO and B, and these rises lasted unchanged until 4 h. VIP-A did not affect the response of HPA axis to ether stress, but provoked a marked depression of that to cold stress. In light of these findings the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) endogenous VIP does not regulate HPA-axis function under basal conditions, but it plays a pivotal role in the mechanisms involved in the activation of HPA axis induced by cold exposure; and (ii) endogenous VIP exerts a tonic stimulatory action on ALDO secretion, probably by acting directly on the adrenal zona glomerulosa.
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PMID:Evidence that endogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is involved in the regulation of rat pituitary-adrenocortical function: in vivo studies with a VIP antagonist. 786 61

Membrane metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11 (Enkephalinase, neutral endopeptidase, NEP) is a cellular ectoenzyme, immunophenotypically identified as the leukocyte cluster of differentiation CD10 or CALLA (common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen). Immunological, biochemical and molecular biology techniques have identified tis cell membrane feature in various organs: brain, cardiovascular system, lung, placenta, kidney etc. The CD10 immunophenotype is a common feature of lymphoblasts in acute lymphoid leukemia not expressing the T- or B-markers. The enzymatic activity of CD10/NEP possibly influences normal lymphocyte ontogeny by proteolytic cleavage of the regulatory peptides. The substrates of CD10/NEP in the kidneys are (see the list of abbreviations) ANP, adrenomedullin and PAMP; in the brain, the substrates are enkephalins and oxytocin; in the lung, bombesin, BLP, GRP, neuromedin C, substance P and neurokinin A; in the cardiovascular system, angiotenisin II, bradykinin and CGRP; in the gut, VIP; on the neutrophil membrane, fMLP etc. Some substrates are not strictly tissue-specific, e.g. substance P. Preclinical and clinical trials explore possibilities of therapeutic application of the inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase, such as thiorphan in the management of pain, diarrhoea, depression, arterial hypertension and asthma. Other possibilities of application include the treatment of hyalinomembranous disease and prevention of neurotoxicosis in tetanus and botulism.
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PMID:[Membrane metalloendopeptidase (CD10/CALLA): distribution, physiologic and pathophysiologic functions and its inhibitors]. 974 92

The pathophysiology of migraine is not yet fully understood. The most important structures involved seem to be the central nervous system (cortex and brain stem), the trigeminovascular system and related cranial arteries, other autonomic fibres innervating such vessels, and various local vasoactive agents, including SP, CGRP, NO, VIP, NPY, ACh, NA, NKA, among others. The spreading depression phenomenon may explain clinical as well experimental findings in migraine. Its propagation velocity mirrors what is found in clinical aura, it may activate the spinal trigeminal nucleus and may induce CGRP and NO release. Circulatory changes detected with various imaging procedures during migraine also support the pathophysiological role of spreading depression. Three abnormal loci (chromosomes 1 and 19) have been recently found in familial hemiplegic migraine. This produces abnormalities in the voltage-dependent P/Q Ca channel, specific for the central nervous system, which regulates the release of various neurotransmitters, probably including serotonin. It is possible that a channelopathy underlies the pathophysiology of migraine, as in other paroxysmal neurological disorders secondary to membrane hyperexcitability.
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PMID:[Physiopathology of migraine]. 1002 93

We reported three cases (42, 20 and 18-year-old men) of advanced nonseminomatous testicular germ cell cancer treated by salvage high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) supported by peripheral blood stem cell autotransplantation. Two cases which had been refractory to (B) EP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) and VIP (etoposide, ifosfmide, cisplatin) chemotherapies received one course of high-dose CEI (carboplatin 1,250 mg/m2, etoposide 1,500 mg/m2 and ifosfamide 7.5 g/m2), and the other case had been refractory to PVB (cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin) and VIP chemotherapies received one course of high-dose CEI and high-dose CCT (carboplatin 800 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 6 g/m2 and thiotepa 720 mg/m2). Only one case achieved an incomplete remission by HDC, which was verified as a pathological complete response at the following salvage surgery, and has been alive with no evidence of disease for 68 months. The others achieved no change of disease following HDC and died from cancer progression. Hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and severe depression occurred, but not fatal in 2 cases.
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PMID:[Refractory germ cell cancer of testis treated by salvage high-dose chemotherapy: report of three cases]. 1510 Nov 60

Galanin is a highly inducible neuropeptide, showing distinct up-regulation after pathological disturbance within the nervous system. Significant increase in galanin expression is observed after peripheral nerve injury, in the basal forebrain in Alzheimer's disease (AD), during neuronal development, and after stimulation with estrogen, while seizure activity deplete galanin in the hippocampus. A wide distribution of galanin and its receptors is seen in the nervous system, often in co-localization with classical neurotransmitters and other neuromodulators. Galanin acts predominantly as an inhibitory, hyperpolarizing neuromodulator on neurotransmitter and glucose-induced insulin release and stimulates growth hormone and prolactin secretion. Galanin has been implicated in several higher order physiological functions including cognition, feeding, nociception, mood regulation, and neuroendocrine modulation. The effects of galanin are mediated via three G protein-coupled receptors with different functional coupling. Moderate to low pharmacological effects are seen by galanin under physiological conditions, in contrast to its dramatic effects on the nervous system after neuronal disturbance. This pathophysiological heavy function of the galaninergic system renders it an interest for disorders such as AD, depression, and epilepsy in terms of side effects. Some properties of the galaninergic system are of particular importance in the context of neurodegeneration. Galanin is highly inducible, 10- to 100-fold, upon nerve injury, whereas most neuropeptides are induced 1.5- to 2-fold. Galanin is strongly neurotrophic during development as well as subsequent to injury. Whereas other neurotrophic neuropeptides like VIP and PACAP activate cAMP synthesis, galanin suppresses its synthesis, yet it is a strong neurotrophic as well as neuroprotective agent. As we delineate which galanin receptor subtype mediates neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects and which mediates synaptic inhibition, pharmacological use of receptor- selective galaninergic ligands for treatment in neurodegenerative diseases are coming closer.
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PMID:Galanin and its receptors in neurological disorders. 1605 44

The effects of VIP microinjected unilaterally (left or right) into the hippocampal CA1 area at a dose of 10 and 100 ng or bilaterally (10 ng), on nociception of male Wistar rats with a model of depression (bilateral olfactory bulbectomy-OBX) were studied. Nociception was examined applying mechanical pressure on the left hind paw of the rat (analgesy-meter test). It was found that in OBX rats the pain threshold is increased. VIP showed differential effects depending on the side and dose of administration. The pain threshold after left-side microinjections of VIP into the hippocampal CA1 area of OBX rats was significantly higher than that after injections into right-side. There are no significant differences between right-side VIP-treated and OBX rats. Bilateral microinjections of VIP also exerted antinociceptive effect. These findings suggest that the hippocampal lateralized antinociceptive effect of VIP in OBX rats depends on the hemisphere of injection and suggest that VIP-ergic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area may play differential role in nociception of rats with a model of depression.
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PMID:Differential involvement of hippocampal vasoactive intestinal peptide in nociception of rats with a model of depression. 1946 83

Disruptions in circadian rhythms have been described in mood disorders (MD), but the involvement of genetic variation in genes pertaining to the molecular circadian machinery in the susceptibility to MD has not been conclusively determined. We examined 209 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering 19 circadian genes (ADCYAP1, ARNTL, ARNTL2, BHLHB2, BHLHB3, CLOCK, CRY1, CRY2, CSNK1E, DBP, NPAS2, NR1D1, PER1, PER2, PER3, RORA, TIMELESS, VIP, and VIPR2) in a sample of 534 MD patients (335 with unipolar major mood depression (MDD) and 199 with bipolar disorder (BD)) and 440 community-based screened controls. Nominally, statistically significant associations were found in 15 circadian genes. The gene-wide test, corrected for the number of SNPs analyzed in each gene, identified significant associations in CRY1 (rs2287161), NPAS2 (rs11123857), and VIPR2 (rs885861) genes with the combined MD sample. In the MDD subsample, the same SNPs in CRY1 and NPAS2 of the combined sample remained associated, whereas in the BD subsample CLOCK (rs10462028) and VIP (rs17083008) were specifically associated. The association with an SNP located 3' near CRY1 gene in MDD remained statistically significant after permutation correction at experiment level (p=0.007). Significant additive effects were found between the SNPs that were statistically significant at the gene-wide level. We also found evidence of associations between two-marker haplotypes in CRY1 and NPAS2 genes and MD. Our data support the contribution of the circadian system to the genetic susceptibility to MD and suggest that different circadian genes may have specific effects on MD polarity.
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PMID:Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder. 2007 16


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