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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of different kinds of industrial solvents on the vestibular function of rats has been studied by recording nystagmus, induced by accelerated rotation. The effect was related to the blood levels of the solvents. One group of solvents, including halogenated saturated hydrocarbons like dichloromethane, caused depression of the vestibulo-oculomotor reflex (VOR). Another group, including benzene compounds like xylene, toluene, styrene and cumene and halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons like trichloroethylene caused an excitation of the VOR. The most striking chemical similarity between the different solvents in the last group is the occurrence of double-bonds. If the animals were exposed simultaneously to solvents from both groups the excitatory effect prevailed and was even potentiated. It is suggested that solvents cause depression or excitation of the VOR by interaction with central pathways in the reticular formation and the cerebellum.
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PMID:Vestibulo-ocular disturbances in rats exposed to organic solvents. 660 11

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and protein were measured in the CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia with and without tardive dyskinesia, and control subjects. AChE activity was assayed by a radioenzymatic method involving the direct extraction of hydrolyzed 3H-acetate into a toluene-based scintillation fluid followed by liquid scintillation spectrometry. AChE activity was proportional to the amount of CSF protein. Greater than 90% of AChE activity in CSF could be inhibited by 10(-3) M eserine. In addition, activity remained stable despite repeated freeze-thawing in an acetone-dry ice bath. Age was found to be positively correlated with CSF protein and AChE activity expressed per volume CSF, but not with AChE measured per milligram protein. No differences between diagnostic groups were found on either measure of AChE when the extraneous factors of age and CSF protein concentrations were controlled, nor were any differences found between groups for CSF protein when age was controlled.
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PMID:Acetylcholinesterase activity in CSF in schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease and normals. 666 67

Exposure of mice to airborne sensory irritants causes a concentration-dependent depression of respiratory rate. The RD50 concentration (that concentration which elicits a respiratory rate decrease of 50%) has been predicted to be an unacceptable occupational exposure concentration due to intolerable sensory irritation and possible respiratory tract injury in humans. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether lesions occur in the respiratory tract of Swiss-Webster mice after exposure to the RD50 concentrations of ten sensory irritants and (2) to compare these changes with respect to type and severity. The RD50 values (ppm) of the chemicals studied are as follows: 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (0.4), acrolein (1.7), formaldehyde (3.1), chloropicrin (8.0), chlorine (9.3), sulfur dioxide (117), ammonia (303), hydrogen chloride (309), dimethylamine (511), and epichlorohydrin (687). After exposure of mice for 6 hr/day for 5 days, the respiratory tract was examined for histopathologic changes. All irritants produced lesions in the nasal cavity with a distinct anterior-posterior severity gradient. There was considerable variation in the extent, and nature of the lesions. The lesions ranged from slight epithelial hypertrophy or hyperplasia to epithelial erosion, ulceration, and necrosis with variable inflammation of the subepithelial tissues. Only chlorine, chloropicrin, and epichlorohydrin induced lesions in the lower respiratory tract. These findings give additional support to the potential value of the RD50 model for setting occupational exposure guidelines and predicting the risk of injury to the respiratory tract from exposure to airborne sensory irritants.
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PMID:Respiratory tract lesions induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentration. 674 Jun 88

The method by which serum osmolality is measured can significantly affect the result if certain volatiles or solvents are present in the specimen. Commonly available solvents and alcohols were added to aliquots of pooled human serum to produce toxicologically relevant concentrations. Increasing concentrations of carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, mono-n-butyl ether (butyl cellosolve), 1, 1,1 trichloroethylene, toluene, and xylene did not change vapor pressure (VP) or freezing point depression (FPD) osmolality. Acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol in increasing concentrations produced a linear increase in FPD osmolality, but no change in VP osmolality. Only ethylene glycol produced a linear increase in VP and FPD osmolality across the range of concentrations studied. Despite the excellent correlation between osmolality and ethanol concentration in prepared serum samples, this relationship could not accurately predict patient ethanol concentrations from FPD osmolality. The osmolal gap, "delta" osmolality, (measured FPD minus calculated osmolality) did not correlate with the difference between measured FPD and VP osmolalities. Patient ethanol levels could not be predicted with accuracy using an equation based on the osmolal gap or "delta" osmolality.
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PMID:Effect of alcohols and selected solvents on serum osmolality measurements. 688 6

Acute low-level exposure to organic solvent vapours may result in prenarcotic states of CNS-depression, often characterized by behavioral dysfunction. Behavioral findings from experimental acute human exposures to toluene, trichloroethylene (TCE), and methylene chloride (MC) are covered in this review. Perceptual measures (e.g. critical flicker fusion = CFF), measures of sustained attention (vigilance), measures of psychomotor performance (as e.g. reaction time, motor speed, coordination) as well as EEG-measures (sensory evoked potentials) are used to illustrate the main effects from such studies. Progressive increase of reaction time was observed at toluene-exposures of only 300 ppm (30 minutes). No consistent behavioral deficit has been reported for trichloroethylene below 300 ppm; instead, visual and auditory evoked potentials were found to be affected at TCE vapour-concentrations between 50 and 100 ppm (3 1/2 - 7 1/2 hours of exposure). CFF-depression, vigilance-decrement and disruption of psychomotor performance has been observed during MC-exposure (200 - 800 ppm; 2-4 hours). Although such behavioral effects are usually considered reversible and of no demonstrated pathological impact, they may nevertheless contribute to accident-prone behavior in occupational settings.
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PMID:Acute behavioral effects of exposure to some organic solvents -psychophysiological aspects. 696 47

Four- to five-week-old male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to vapors of methanol (2500 ppm), gasoline (3200 ppm), and methanol/gasoline (2500/3200 ppm, 570/3200 ppm) six hours per day, five days per week for four weeks. Control animals were exposed to filtered room air only. Depression in body weight gain and reduced food consumption were observed in male rats, and increased relative liver weight was detected in rats of both sexes exposed to gasoline or methanol/gasoline mixtures. Rats of both sexes exposed to methanol/gasoline mixtures had increased relative kidney weight and females exposed to gasoline and methanol/gasoline mixtures had increased kidney weight. Decreased serum glucose and cholesterol were detected in male rats exposed to gasoline and methanol/gasoline mixtures. Decreased hemoglobin was observed in females inhaling vapors of gasoline and methanol/gasoline at 570/3200 ppm. Urine from rats inhaling gasoline or methanol/gasoline mixtures had up to a fourfold increase in hippuric acid, a biomarker of exposure to the toluene constituent of gasoline, and up to a sixfold elevation in ascorbic acid, a noninvasive biomarker of hepatic response. Hepatic mixed-function oxidase (aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase) activities and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity were elevated in rats exposed to gasoline and methanol/gasoline mixtures. Histopathological changes were confined to very mild changes in the nasal passages and in the uterus, where decreased incidence or absence of mucosal and myometrial eosinophilia was observed in females inhaling gasoline and methanol/gasoline at 570/3200 ppm. It was concluded that gasoline was largely responsible for the adverse effects, the most significant of which included depression in weight gain in the males, increased liver weight and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in both sexes, and suppression of uterine eosinophilia. No apparent interactive effects between methanol and gasoline were observed.
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PMID:Short-term inhalation toxicity of methanol, gasoline, and methanol/gasoline in the rat. 748 74

1. Exposure to simple aromatic hydrocarbons has been shown to induce P450-dependent activities and the expression of particular P450 isozymes in a manner related to the molecular structure of the inducing hydrocarbon. In an attempt to identify the structural relationship controlling P450 induction, the effect of hydrocarbon treatment on the RNA levels for specific P450 isozymes was examined. 2. Rats were treated with daily injections of hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, m- and p-xylene) for 3 days, and the effects on specific RNA levels were examined by Northern blot hybridization. 3. Although P4502B1 mRNA was not elevated after hydrocarbon treatment, a significant elevation in 2B2 mRNA was observed after exposure to the larger aromatic hydrocarbons, ethylbenzene and m-xylene. It is interesting to note that despite the substantial elevation of P4502B protein levels, only a small elevation of P4502B1 and 2B2 RNA was observed. 4. P4502C11 mRNA was only suppressed by ethylbenzene administration, despite the depression of 2C11 protein levels by several hydrocarbons. 5. P4501A1 mRNA was not detectable and 2E1 mRNA was not changed by any aromatic hydrocarbon treatment investigated in this study. 6. The data indicate that the levels of mRNA species for a number of P450 isozymes are differentially regulated by exposure to hydrocarbons, and that small changes in hydrocarbon size or isomeric structure can influence the levels of these mRNA species.
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PMID:Relationship between hydrocarbon structure and induction of P450: effect on RNA levels. 760 10

The effects of toluene on synaptic transmission and neuronal morphology were investigated using guinea pig hippocampal slices. Population spikes (PS) were elicited in granule cell layer by stimulation of the perforant path and antidromic potentials (AP) were evoked in the same locii by stimulation of mossy fibers. Toluene at a concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml completely depressed post-synaptic responses within 15 min but increased the AP to 140% of its original value. The PS recovered completely when washout was begun 10 and 20 min after onset of depression, but exhibited only partial recovery following a 40 min depression. There were no evident changes in staining of axons or cell bodies after toluene treatment. These results indicate that toluene at high concentrations (1000 micrograms/ml) inhibits synaptic transmission selectively and with longer exposures causes lasting physiological effects unaccompanied by gross morphological changes.
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PMID:Toluene inhibits synaptic transmission without causing gross morphological disturbances. 789 40

Exposure monitoring by personal diffusive samplers, biological monitoring of toluene exposure by urinary hippuric acid determination, haematology, serum biochemistry for liver function, and a subjective symptom survey by questionnaire were conducted on 303 male solvent workers. They were exposed to a mixture of solvents including toluene (geometric mean 18 ppm), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK; 16 ppm), isopropyl alcohol (IPA; 7 ppm), and ethyl acetate (9 ppm). The intensity was mostly below unity using the additiveness formula based on current Japanese occupational exposure limits, but more than eight times unity at the maximum. The results were compared with the findings in 135 non-exposed male workers of similar ages. Haematology and liver function tests did not show any exposure related abnormality, and subjective symptoms were mostly related to central nervous system depression and local irritation. Further analysis suggested that the irritation effects were not related to exposure to MEK. Analysis of the relation between toluene exposure and hippuric acid excretion in urine showed that there was no metabolic interaction between MEK and toluene, or between IPA and toluene. Overall, therefore, it is concluded that there was no sign or symptom detected to suggest anything other than toluene toxicity, that there was no evidence to indicate any modification of toluene toxicity or metabolism due to coexposure, and that the additiveness assumption is reasonable for risk assessment for the combination of solvents under these exposure conditions.
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PMID:Occupational exposure to solvent mixtures: effects on health and metabolism. 795 76

A 22-year-old man with heavy, generalized exposure to a toluene-based paint developed extensive chemical burns on approximately 71% of his total body surface area followed by acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation that led to death. Although the skin damage initially appeared mild, it was followed by blistering, extensive necrosis, and massive loss of fluid. Histological examination of the skin showed findings similar to those observed in second-degree thermal burns. Although the most common toxic effects of toluene are depression of central nervous system activity, irritation of mucous membranes, and hepatic or renal dysfunctions, emergency physicians should be aware of the risk of skin toxicity. Therefore, it is important to irrigate the exposed skin immediately and vigorously.
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PMID:Extensive chemical burns from toluene. 817 50


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