Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Relatively high concentrations of verapamil or EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether) N, N, N',N'-tetra acetic acid] inhibit contraction (P) of the rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation elicited by direct or indirect stimulation. The inhibitory effect of verapamil is greater (P less than 0.002) with direct (I50 = 26.3 +/- 1.7 microM) than indirect = I50 = 37.6 +/- 1.9 microM) stimulation. For EGTA the reverse is true: I50 is 1320 +/- 80 microM with direct and 1100 +/- 60 microM with indirect stimulation. The greater than 90% verapamil-induced depression of P can only be partially reversed by washout. Increasing the [Ca2+] or the addition of 4-aminopyridine (4AP) has insignificant antagonist effect. Except for the antagonism by 4AP during direct stimulation, the EGTA-induced depression of P is better antagonized by washout, increase of the [Ca2+], or the addition of 4AP than that caused by verapamil. Neostigmine did not antagonize the depression of P caused by either verapamil or EGTA. The findings presented indicate that the primary site of action of verapamil is postjunctional and that of EGTA is prejunctional.
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PMID:The effect of verapamil and EGTA on the rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. 298 88

Non-surgical treatments of back pain may have prolonged and lasting benefit. Epidural steroid injections is one of the non-operative managements of back pain. These injections are recommended in patients with signs and symptoms of nerve root irritation. Relief of pain is attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of the steroid. Patients with acute radiculopathy have better response compared to patients with chronic symptoms. Improvement may not be noted until 6 days after the injection. The depression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis lasts 3 weeks. While complications have been reported, these are rare. Intrathecal steroid injection is not advisable since polyethylene glycol, the vehicle used in depot steroid preparations, may cause arachnoiditis.
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PMID:Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy. 300 63

A collaborative study of the humoral and cellular immune status of patients with carcinoma of the Head and Neck (H&N) was conducted at the West Virginia University (WVU) hospital. In addition, blind-coded serum panels were supplied on H&N cancer patients being treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Serum protein analysis of the WVU study groups revealed that at the pretreatment sampling, the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), total complement, and IgA levels were significantly elevated. The AGP levels and total complement levels declined to normal levels in the post-treatment period, whereas the IgA levels remained elevated throughout the entire observation period. Levels of serum immune complexes (SIC) were measured in both the WVU and NCI H&N cancer populations using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. In both survey populations all cancer groups had significantly elevated levels of SIC when compared to any of the control populations. The SIC levels never returned to comparative normal values even in cases after successful treatment. A subpopulation of the WVU-H&N cancer study group underwent a short course of intravenous hyperalimentation prior to their treatment regimen. These patients demonstrated a transient decrease in their SIC levels as well as a concomitant increase in their in vitro cell-mediated immune (CMI) correlates. The analysis of in vitro CMI correlates of the WVU study group using both polyclonal mitogens and specific antigens demonstrated a significant depression in these parameters pretreatment and post-treatment. In addition, it was observed that the time course for elevation of selected serum proteins (i.e., IgA and SIC) correlated with concomitant drops in CMI activity. Investigations were also conducted into the effects of immune complex-rich serum fractions upon selected in vitro CMI correlates. Significant blockage of a normal donor leukocyte migration-inhibition assay was demonstrated. Also, a similar inhibition of the ability of normal human lymphocytes to form high affinity rosettes was accomplished with serum from H&N cancer patients.
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PMID:Immune complexes, serum proteins, cell-mediated immunity, and immune regulation in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 308 60

Ingestion of ethylene glycol was responsible for severe azotemia, acidosis, and abnormal anionic gap value in a pygmy goat. Clinical signs consisted of ataxia, polydipsia, decreased rumen motility, and constipation. Nervous signs included depression, absence of menace response, vertical nystagmus, and terminal convulsions. Four days after onset of clinical signs, antidotal treatment was ineffective. Lesions and oxalate crystals in the kidney were typical of ethylene glycol or plant oxalate toxicosis in other species. Toxicologic analysis revealed ethylene glycol in the rumen content and glycolic acid in urine and ocular fluid.
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PMID:Ethylene glycol toxicosis in a pygmy goat. 319 47

A 63-year-old man with arterial hypertension suffered from depression and suicidal wish after a cerebrovascular accident and transitory left hemiparesis. He was urgently admitted to hospital in severe metabolic acidosis which caused renal failure and coma, ending fatally within two days. At necropsy calcium oxalate crystals were found in the renal tubules and cerebral vessel walls with chemically induced meningoencephalitis. From these findings glycol poisoning was diagnosed. There was a lethal concentration of ethylene glycol in the urine. The toxic effects of ethylene glycol are due to its metabolites. The oxalate crystals are primarily of diagnostic importance.
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PMID:[Ethylene glycol poisoning]. 337 4

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of ethanol and 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of ethylene glycol (EG) in the dog. All dogs received 173 mmol/kg EG, p.o. Dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups: EG-treated only, EG + ethanol (19.3 mmol/kg, i.v. 3, 7, 14 and 24 h after EG) and EG + 4MP (0.24 mmol/kg, i.v. 3 h after EG, 0.18 mmol/kg at 24 h and 0.06 mmol/kg at 36 h). EG produced a rapid onset of metabolic acidosis (within 3 h) and acute oliguric renal failure (after 48 h), whereas administration of ethanol or 4MP greatly attenuated acidosis and prevented renal toxicity. The administration of ethanol, however, severely increased the central nervous system (CNS) depression that existed after ingestion of EG. The half-life of FG in serum was 10.8 +/- 0.7 h in the EG-only treatment group, 6.8 +/- 0.7 (P less than 0.05) in the EG + ethanol group and 9.8 +/- 0.9 h in the EG + 4MP group. Approx. 10% and 48% of the dose of EG was excreted unchanged in the urine at the 0-3 and 3-72 h periods, respectively. Treatment with 4MP increased the amount of EG excreted in the urine (71% from 3-72 h), whereas ethanol did not (51%). However, both ethanol and 4MP increased the rate constant of EG excretion into urine approx. 70%. These data demonstrate the utility of 4MP over ethanol for the treatment of EG-induced toxicity in dogs and indicate that ethanol and 4MP cause an increase in the rate constant of EG excretion in the urine and not a prolongation in EG half-life.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of ethanol and 4-methylpyrazole on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ethylene glycol in the dog. 382 18

The hatchetfish, Gasteropelecus, possesses large pectoral fin adductor muscles whose simultaneous contraction enables the fish to dart upwards at the approach of a predator. These muscles can be excited by either Mauthner fiber. In the medulla, each Mauthner fiber forms axo-axonic synapses on four "giant fibers," two on each side of the midline. Each pair of giant fibers innervates ipsilateral motoneurons controlling the pectoral fin adductor muscles. Mauthner fibers and giant fibers can be penetrated simultaneously by microelectrodes close to the synapses between them. Electrophysiological evidence indicates that transmission from Mauthner to giant fiber is chemically mediated. Under some conditions miniature postsynaptic potentials (PSP's) are observed, suggesting quantal release of transmitter. However, relatively high frequency stimulation reduces PSP amplitude below that of the miniature potentials, but causes no complete failures of PSP's. Thus quantum size is reduced or postsynaptic membrane is desensitized. Ramp currents in Mauthner fibers that rise too slowly to initiate spikes can evoke responses in giant fibers that appear to be asynchronous PSP's. Probably both spikes and ramp currents act on the same secretory mechanism. A single Mauthner fiber spike is followed by prolonged depression of transmission; also PSP amplitude is little affected by current pulses that markedly alter presynaptic spike height. These findings suggest that even a small spike releases most of an immediately available store of transmitter. If so, the probability of release by a single spike is high for any quantum of transmitter within this store.
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PMID:Chemically mediated transmission at a giant fiber synapse in the central nervous system of a vertebrate. 430 56

1. Rat kidney cortical slices, with metabolism suppressed by iodoacetate, were incubated anaerobically at 26 degrees C in hyperosmotic saline media. Changes in tissue composition with time, up to 12 hr, were studied. Despite initial shrinkage, gross swelling occurred, even in saline media of more than twice the concentration of normal extracellular fluid.2. The composition of non-metabolizing kidney slices incubated at 26 degrees C in a balanced saline medium containing 7 g polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000)/100 ml. was determined at intervals up to 12 hr. The tissue water, sodium and chloride contents had reached constant levels by 6 hr. Potassium continued to leak slowly from the tissue, but there was no significant further loss between 10 and 12 hr.3. Non-metabolizing kidney slices were incubated in PEG medium containing additional quantities of either a non-electrolyte (400 m-osmole glucose/kg H(2)O) or an electrolyte (400 m-osmole NaCl/kg H(2)O), both of which penetrated the tissue to attain approximately uniform concentrations in cells and media. Whereas the slices in the glucose medium attained the same equilibrium water content as those incubated in PEG medium alone, the final water content of slices in the medium containing additional NaCl was significantly lower. This difference might have resulted from depression of intracellular colloid osmotic pressure by the high salt concentration.
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PMID:The effects of high concentrations of an electrolyte on the swelling of non-metabolizing tissue slices. 555 65

Catalase in extracts of the extreme halophile Halobacterium cutirubrum exhibits up to threefold stimulation by 0.5 to 1.5 m monovalent salts and by 0.1 m divalent salts. Above these concentrations, inhibition of enzyme activity is observed. The inhibitory effect, and to some extent the stimulation, is salt-specific; the effectiveness of a salt in inhibiting enzyme activity depends on both cation and anion. Thus, the order of effectiveness is MgCl(2) > LiCl > NaCl > KCl > NH(4)Cl, and LiCl > LiNO(3) > Li(2)SO(4). The magnitude of enzyme inhibition for the salts tested is positively correlated with their molar vapor pressure depression in aqueous solution. Stimulation of enzyme activity was observed when one salt was added at its optimal concentration in the presence of inhibiting concentrations of another salt, indicating that the effect on the enzyme is not due to changing water activity but probably to enzyme-salt interaction. Aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and dimethyl sulfoxide containing no ions influence enzyme activity in the same manner as do salts.
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PMID:Effect of salts and organic solvents on the activity of Halobacterium cutirubrum catalase. 578 14

The purpose of this investigation was: (1) to establish a simplified radioimmunoassay (RIA) for quantitating renal tubular epithelial antigens (RTE) in urine; (2) to ascertain whether urine RTE concentrations as measured by this technique correlate with the severity of acute nephrotoxic and ischemic injury; and (3) to ascertain whether increased urinary RTE is a specific marker of renal tubular injury. A direct binding RTE RIA was established using 125I labelled anti-RTE antibody and 10% polyethylene glycol to separate bound from unbound anti-RTE 125I. This RIA is simpler than previously described RTE assay methods since: (1) double antibody separation techniques are eliminated; (2) RTE antigen purification from crude proximal tubular fragments is no longer necessary; and (3) immunoglobulin G(IgG) rather than more radiosensitive RTE is used as the radioligand. To test the utility of this assay as a marker of acute tubular injury anesthetized rats were subjected to graded nephrotoxic (HgCl2: 0--20 mg/kg) or bilateral renal ischemic (0--32 min) insults. Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) (clearance iothalamate 125I) and RTE concentrations were measured sequentially. Post-renal injury, RTE concentrations rose above control values and the degree of elevation strongly correlated with the severity of GFR depression (r = 0.72--0.81; p less than 0.02--0.05). The source of this increased urinary RTE was the proximal tubule since brush border loss was demonstrated histologically and because no RTE could be detected in serum. Rats whose GFRs were acutely depressed by inducing either volume depletion or acute experimental glomerulonephritis (nephrotoxic serum nephritis) all had normal urine RTE concentrations. These results suggest that RTE quantitation by this technique may provide a specific and early quantitative index of the severity of acute nephrotoxic and ischemic renal injury.
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PMID:Quantitating the severity of proximal tubular brush border injury by a simple direct binding radioimmunoassay. 621 75


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