Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Memory function in the aged is described as due to the interaction of a number of variables in addition to physiology, including affective state and environmental conditions. Depression can cause a series of behavioral patterns ranging from exaggeration of memory complaint, to simulation of organic dysfunction, to "pseudodementia" in which there is production of an actual organic mental syndrome. Stress and noxious environmental conditions also contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Custodial care is singled out as especially harmful, producing a form of "excess disability" termed "unorientation" in which apparently impaired memory results from an apathetic, withdrawn reaction to the environment. All these adaptational patterns are subject to prevention, modification, and in some cases, reversal.
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PMID:Adaptational factors in memory function in the aged. 36 90

Aspirin, even in small doses, has a profound and relatively long-lasting effect on platelet function and hemostasis. This usually produces few clinical problems. However, if a patient has an underlying hemostatic defect, undergoes surgery or sustains an injury, or is a newborn, severe hemorrhage is a potential risk. Aspirin is contraindicated in these clinical contexts. In contrast, acetaminophen has no effect on the hemostatic mechanism unless massive overdose results in hepatic necrosis with depression of synthesis of coagulation factors. Acetaminophen can be used when indicated in clinical situations where the use of aspirin may be potentially dangerous.
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PMID:Comparative effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on hemostasis. 72 44

The effects of halothane on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and events preceding DNA synthesis have been examined in Chinese hamster fibroblasts in culture.DNA synthesis was studied by the uptake of 3H-thymidine during short periods of incubation that minimized effects on cells in the presynthetic phase (G1). Halothane produced slight but significant dose-related depression of 3H-thymidine uptake (20 per cent depression with 2 per cent halothane). In a separate series of experiments, synchronized cultures were exposed to 1-3 per cent halothane in G 1 phase for three or five hours. Halothane caused a postponement of onset of DNA synthesis (S phase), indicating a delay in G 1. This delay roughly equalled the duration of exposure to 3 per cent halothane but was less with 2 per cent halothane. The delay was only about one hour with 1 per cent halothane.
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PMID:Effects of halothane on DNA synthesis and the presynthetic phase (G 1) in dividing fibroblasts. 97 93

The pathophysiology, assessment, and pharmacologic management of acute pain in infants and children are reviewed, and the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosages of opioid analgesics, nonopioid analgesics, and local anesthetics used for regional blocks are discussed. The pathophysiology of pain and the physiologic rationale for treatment of pain are similar in children and adults. Severe pain can be controlled by i.v. or epidural administration of opioid analgesics. Neonates are more susceptible to the depressant effects of opioids, and opioid analgesia must be administered with caution in infants who are not receiving mechanical ventilation because of the associated risk of respiratory depression. Patient-controlled analgesia is a useful technique in older children. Acetaminophen and NSAIDs are useful for relieving milder pain of noninflammatory and inflammatory origin, respectively. Epidural or intrathecal administration of local anesthetics provides regional analgesia with minimal physiologic alterations. Topical application of local anesthetics is effective for many minor procedures. A variety of pain management techniques are available for the management of acute pain in pediatric patients. The development of drugs having fewer adverse effects and noninvasive administration techniques will be important research priorities in the coming years.
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PMID:Management of acute pain in children. 168 May 98

Blood, urine, and tissue specimens were received from 377 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) aviation fatalities during fiscal year 1989. Carbon monoxide at less than 10% saturation was found in 94% of the cases, and cyanide at less than 0.5 mg/L was found in 96% of the cases. Ethanol at greater than 10 mg/dL was found in 14.8% of the cases, but only 4.5% were determined to be due to ethanol ingestion from toxicological findings. Excluding nicotine and ethanol, 12.6% of the cases were positive for one or more drugs. Acetaminophen and salicylate were the most frequently found drugs. Cannabinoids were found in 1.3% of the cases and benzoylecgonine in 1.6%. There was minimal use of therapeutic drugs that cause central nervous system depression or stimulation. These results show no consistent pattern of drug involvement in civilian aviation fatalities.
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PMID:Toxicological findings in Federal Aviation Administration general aviation accidents. 191 71

To know whether the pathogenesis of impending myocardial infarction(IMI) could be predicted by the direction of ST segment shifts during an ischemic chest pain, we studied 62 patients with IMI and undergoing emergent coronary angiography(CAG). They were selected from a consecutive number of 474 patients with unstable angina. IMI was defined when patients had more than 2 episodes of chest pain at rest under intensive pharmacological interventions after their CCU admission, and at least one of those was not relieved by nitroglycerin given intravenously. They were divided into 2 groups according to ST segment shifts during chest pain; 35 patients with ST elevation (G-1) and 27 patients with ST depression (G-2). The time of CAG was individually determined in each patient according to the severity of illness. Those with acute MI within 3 months before the study and 24 hours following the chest pain just before CAG were excluded from the study. New onset angina accounted for 49% in G-1 and 4% in G-2(p less than 0.01). Average history length of IMI, frequency of symptoms after CCU admission, and interval from the last symptom to CAG were similar in each groups. Single vessel disease was more predominant in G-1 than in G-2 (54% vs 11% p less than 0.01). Intracoronary thrombus(IT) in an ischemia related artery(IRA) was found in 97% of G-1 and 22% of G-2(p less than 0.001), while complex lesions(CL) proposed by Ambrose as another genesis of IMI were in 26% of G-1 and 74% of G-2(p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical significance of ST segment shifts during chest pain in predicting the pathogenesis of impending myocardial infarction]. 202 79

Psychomotor performance related to driving and occupational skills was measured double-blind and cross-over in 9 healthy volunteers before and 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hr after intramuscular injection of oxycodone (0.13 mg/kg), oral diphenhydramine (100 mg) and placebo. The effects of oxycodone on performance peaked at 1.5 hr when it prolonged reaction time and impaired vigilance, attention, body balance and coordination of extraocular muscles. The subjects assessed themselves mentally slow, muzzy and impaired by performance on visual analogue scales still 3 hr after injection. Critical flicker discrimination was impaired and some respiratory depression still present at 4.5 hr after administration. Oxycodone elevated plasma prolactin at 1.5 and 3 hr while growth hormone levels remained unaffected. We conclude that the profile of psychomotor decrement produced by this mu-opioid agonist closely resembles that of agonist-antagonist analgesics.
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PMID:Psychomotor, respiratory and neuroendocrinological effects of a mu-opioid receptor agonist (oxycodone) in healthy volunteers. 255 3

To study the question whether or not paracetamol produces a central analgesic effect, experiments were carried out on rats under urethane anaesthesia in which activity was elicited by supramaximal electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents in the sural nerve and recorded from single neurones in the dorsomedial part of the ventral nucleus (VDM) of the thalamus. Paracetamol administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg reduced nociceptive evoked but not spontaneous activity. The amount of depression caused by the 3 doses and the time course of their effects was practically the same. suggesting that paracetamol is not capable to abolish nociceptive evoked activity in the thalamus but causes a maximum depression of the activity amounting to not more than about 60% of the controls. An intravenous (i.v.) injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg) did not diminish paracetamol-induced depression. The results present evidence for a central analgesic effect of paracetamol that is independent of endogenous opioids.
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PMID:Central analgesic effect of paracetamol manifested by depression of nociceptive activity in thalamic neurones of the rat. 361 66

Thirteen analgesic drugs, four of them at two dose levels, four analgesics in combination with antagonist or neuroleptic agents, and saline have been evaluated simultaneously in the relief of postoperative pain. The method of assessment was designed to favour drugs which provided freedom from pain with minimum depression of consciousness. Only levorphanol 2 mg proved significantly superior to pethidine 100 mg, which was used as the standard reference drug. Oxycodone 10 mg, pentazocine 20 mg, and the morphine 10 mg and cyclizine 50 mg combination were the most successful of the remaining drugs. None of the drug combinations was significantly better than the analgesic drug given alone.
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PMID:Controlled comparison of the efficacy of fourteen preparations in the relief of postoperative pain. 493 47

A 1-year-old child with severe acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning after ingestion of 10 gm APAP demonstrated central nervous system depression, shock, hypothermia, and metabolic acidosis. There was dramatic improvement during treatment with intravenously administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and hemodialysis, and the patient recovered without sequelae. A detailed study of APAP metabolism was carried out during the initial 72 hours after ingestion. APAP-sulfate and APAP-glucuronide accounted for 29% and 33%, respectively, of total drug in urine, whereas cysteine and NAC conjugates accounted for only 12%. The low incidence of severe toxicity in children after overdoses of APAP may be related to greater capacity to metabolize APAP via a nontoxic pathway.
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PMID:Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in a severely poisoned young child. 673 27


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