Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present paper gives a review of German studies concerning the AMP and AMDP system that have been published since 1983. The test manual to the AMDP-system, published 1983, is complemented herewith. The following topics are discussed: Syndromes/scales on the basis of psychological and somatic outcomes, studies on reliability (especially interrater reliability); capability to differentiate diagnoses; comparison with other assessment instruments, especially biological parameters; results of several diagnoses (schizophrenia, affective disorders, depression etc.); range of application (psychopharmacological studies, diagnostic questions, etc.). The review points out that the AMDP system covers a very wide and elaborate range. Some topics are pointed out that would merit additional study.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the system of the Study Group of Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry based on recent literature (1983 to 1987)--a review]. 267 9

The mechanisms of hypercalcemia were assessed in 15 patients with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) who had tumors at various stages of progression. In patients with early tumors, bone biopsies were generally normal and the hypercalcemia was due to an elevation in renal tubular resorption of calcium. Conversely, osteoclastic resorption was markedly increased in patients with advanced tumors, particularly those in whom the biopsies were obtained postmortem. Osteoclast surface (Oc.S) correlated positively with the stage of tumor progression (r = 0.80, p less than 0.002), degree of immobility (r = 0.87, p less than 0.002), and level of urinary cyclic AMP excretion (r = 0.60, p less than 0.02). When compared with a group of ambulant patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), osteoblast surface (Ob.S%) in HHM was depressed (median and range): 1.2% (0-11.6%) versus 5.3% (1.1-32.0%) (p less than 0.001). However, a relatively low Ob.S (4%) and raised Oc.S (43.5%) were also seen in an immobilized patient with severe HPT. These data suggest that the PTH-related peptides currently invoked in the pathogenesis of HHM may initially cause hypercalcemia by enhancing renal tubular calcium resorption. The increase in osteoclastic activity and depression of osteoblastic activity that subsequently occurs is probably due to the combined effects of immobilization and higher circulating levels of PTHrP on the skeleton. However, the release of other bone-resorbing factors by the tumor, which have a depressant effect on osteoblastic activity, remains possible.
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PMID:Contrasting mechanisms of hypercalcemia in patients with early and advanced humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. 271 73

The present study was initiated to test to what extent preovulatory follicles are dependent on oxygen supply for maintaining their response to luteinizing hormone (LH). Female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were injected with 6 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on their 26th day of life. For in vitro experiments rats were killed 48-52 h after PMSG injection. Preovulatory follicles were dissected free, pre-incubated for 30 min and then incubated for 3 h without or with luteinizing hormone (LH, 1 microgram ml-1 medium) under different oxygen tensions in the gas phase (100, 13, 6 and 0 kPa). After incubation the accumulation of progesterone, cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and lactic acid were measured in the incubation media. Follicular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) content was measured in vivo (48-60 h after PMSG injection) immediately after isolation as well as after the incubation. Follicles isolated in vivo, during and after the ovulatory endogenous gonadotropin surge showed a depression in follicular ATP levels compared with levels before, suggesting that gonadotropins stimulate the follicle on the expense of ATP levels during the course of the preovulatory day. During a step-wise decrease of oxygen tension in vitro the preovulatory follicle maintained its response to LH as measured by progesterone and cyclic AMP accumulation. The preovulatory follicle could apparently compensate by increasing glycolysis, as measured by an increase in lactic acid accumulation. Tissue ATP levels were during these conditions maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Oxygen dependency of preovulatory follicles from pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-treated immature rats. 282 Jan 96

Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated cyclic AMP formation was found to be increased in leukocytes from manic-depressive patients during untreated depression when compared with euthymic patients treated with antidepressants. The difference was dependent on the stimulation used (isoprenaline or a combination of noradrenaline and phentolamine) and was only significant when the combination was used. Histamine-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in leukocytes was enhanced in patients with untreated depression, both when compared with euthymic patients suffering from manic-depressive illness, with or without treatment with antidepressant drugs, and also when compared with control persons without any known psychiatric disease. Although at variance with the results of some other studies on the same topic, the results of the present study indicate that changes in receptor function in leukocytes may be a state-dependent marker in depressive illness.
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PMID:Enhanced histamine- and beta-adrenoceptor-mediated cyclic AMP formation in leukocytes from patients with endogenous depression. 282 89

This paper reviews briefly the very common finding in chronic antidepressant use, of subsensitivity of the beta-adrenoreceptor-linked cyclic AMP system. This subsensitivity is observed with a number of different antidepressant treatments, including pharmacological, electrical and sleep deprivation. The subsensitivity requires intact noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, functionally linking the two neurotransmitters most often implicated in depression. Thyroid hormones and estrogens also cause subsensitivity, while the opposite effect is seen with Reserpine and Propranolol. A modified conditioning/sensitization model is proposed, implicating psychosocial stressors with a biological inability to down-regulate beta-adrenoreceptors.
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PMID:The antidepressant effect of beta-adrenoreceptor subsensitivity: a brief review and clinical implications. 283 4

The effects of cyclic nucleotide analogs and related agents on the Ca2+ dependent action potentials of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (reaggregates) were examined. The action potentials were elicited by electrical stimulation in the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA, 5-15 mM). Superfusion of the aortic cells with analogs of cyclic AMP (dibutyryl or 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, 1 mM), isoproterenol (1-10 microM) and forskolin (1-10 microM) depressed and abolished the TEA-induced action potentials. Abolition of the action potentials by these agents was reversible and was accompanied by some hyperpolarization of the membrane. Superfusion with 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (0.1-1 mM) also depressed or abolished the TEA-induced action potentials, whereas dibutyryl cyclic GMP (1 mM) and sodium nitroprusside (10 microM) had little effect. Synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (0.01-0.1 microM) had inhibitory effects in most experiments. Thus, depression of membrane excitability may be a contributing factor in the relaxation of aortic smooth muscle produced by some agents that increase intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides.
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PMID:Cyclic nucleotides depress action potentials in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. 283 Jan 20

The cardiovascular effects of alinidine were studied on the donor dog and on the isolated dog right atrial or left ventricular preparation which was cross-perfused with arterial blood from the donor dog. When heart rate and systemic arterial blood pressure of the donor dog were decreased dose-dependently by i.v. administration of alinidine (10-300 micrograms/kg), decreases in atrial rate and atrial developed tension of the isolated preparation were induced in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that i.v. administration of alinidine directly induced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects in situ dog heart. The negative chronotropic effects at lower doses of alinidine were more prominent than the decrease in blood pressure of the anesthetized dog and the negative inotropic effect of the isolated atrium, respectively. Direct injection of alinidine (1-300 micrograms) into the sinus node artery of the isolated atrium induced predominant negative chronotropic responses at lower doses. In paced left ventricular muscle preparations, alinidine reduced the developed tension at higher doses. Ratios (decreases in atrial developed tension per decreases in atrial rate) for alinidine ranged from 1.2 to 2.1, which were smaller than those of acetylcholine, adenosine and verapamil, suggesting that alinidine has a predominant bradycardic property and induces bradycardia due to a different mechanism from those of other bradycardic agents in the isolated and blood-perfused dog heart. The responses to isoproterenol and norepinephrine were suppressed significantly by treatment with alinidine (300 micrograms) predominantly on chronotropism. The alinidine-induced decreases in atrial rate were relatively greater when the rate had been augmented by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and norepinephrine infusion, but the relative depression of contractility was slight. From these results, it is suggested that alinidine attenuates the positive chronotropic effects induced by increases in cyclic AMP without decreasing the positive inotropic ones in the blood-perfused dog atrium.
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PMID:Bradycardic effect of alinidine on in situ and on isolated, blood-perfused heart preparations of dogs. 283 22

Serum calcitriol and the free calcitriol index together with factors considered to regulate calcitriol production were measured in eleven patients with moderate chronic renal failure (MCRF) and eleven age- and sex-matched normal subjects. Although the serum dialysable calcium levels were similar in the two groups, there was depression of calcitriol levels and an elevation of PTH and nephrogenous cyclic AMP (NcAMP) levels in the MCRF patients. Furthermore, plasma phosphate levels were higher and the renal phosphate threshold was depressed in this patient group. When all subjects were grouped together calcitriol was positively correlated with GFR. When calcitriol levels were factored for GFR, to permit an assessment of calcitriol production per unit functioning renal mass, there was no significant difference between normal and MCRF subjects. To determine whether reserve for calcitriol production existed, six of the MCRF patients and six of the age- and sex-matched normal subjects received a low calcium diet for one week supplemented by cellulose phosphate to bind calcium within the gut. In both groups there was a significant rise in calcitriol, although the absolute levels were much lower in the MCRF patients than the normal subjects. These results suggest that calcitriol deficiency is a major feature of MCRF despite marked hyperparathyroidism. The rise in calcitriol levels in MCRF suggests persistent reserve secretory capacity in this condition. Therefore, the low serum calcitriol concentration may be due not only to structural renal damage, but also to suppression of calcitriol formation perhaps due to altered renal phosphate handling.
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PMID:Calcitriol deficiency with retained synthetic reserve in chronic renal failure. 283 40

Beta-adrenergic-mediated cyclic AMP accumulation was reduced in lymphocytes obtained from depressed patients from that observed in an age- and sex-matched group of control subjects. Among the depressed patients, those not responding to treatment showed significantly lower pretreatment responses to isoproterenol compared with patients who exhibited significant clinical improvement during antidepressant treatment. Late-night (terminal) insomnia was significantly associated with the blunted response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. In depressed patients with the lowest isoproterenol response, the effect of forskolin (which acts distal to the receptor and directly stimulates the catalytic subunit) on cyclic AMP accumulation was also significantly decreased. This suggests that post-receptor modulations of signal amplification also play a role in the reduced response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in depression.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP second-messenger signal amplification in depression. 284 54

We investigated the ameliorating effects of DN-1417 (a TRH analog) on the changes of behavior, EEG, neurochemical parameters and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in rats with global cerebral ischemia. Global cerebral ischemia was produced by 10-min occlusion of both common carotid arteries 24 hr after the permanent electrocauterization of bilateral vertebral arteries. DN-1417 was administered intraperitoneally as soon as possible, following recirculation of carotid blood flow. DN-1417 shortened significantly the recovery times of righting reflex (RR) and spontaneous movement (SM) at 2.5 mg/kg and higher doses, and it recovered effectively the EEG activity at 10 mg/kg during recirculation after 10-min cerebral ischemia. In addition, DN-1417 (10 mg/kg) recovered the various changes such as decrease of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, increase of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, inhibition of [3H]-choline uptake, depression of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities, and shortened the durations of hyperperfusion and hypoperfusion of rCBF. As a result, it is identified that DN-1417 ameliorates the disturbance of consciousness supposedly caused by behavioral and EEG abnormalities during recirculation following the temporary cerebral ischemia, and the effect of DN-1417 seems to be mediated by normalizing of alterations in the brain monoaminergic and cholinergic systems, as well as rCBF, and the effectiveness for disturbance of consciousness in clinical situations would be expected.
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PMID:[Pharmacological study of the temporary cerebral ischemic rats produced by bilateral vertebral and carotid artery occlusion. Effects of DN-1417]. 286 Nov 49


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