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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Beginning 1 wk postpartum, weekly changes of feed and water intake, body weight, milk production, and electrolyte concentrations in serum, saliva, urine, milk, and feces were observed for 8 to 11 wk. Three dietary treatments differing in sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate supplementation but containing equal sodium concentrations were used. Dietary chloride percents were low .10%, medium .27%, and high .45%. Consistently changes were significant for feed and water intake, body weight, milk production, and electrolyte concentrations in serum, urine, milk, and feces of cows fed the low chloride diet. By wk 8, body weight had declined from 575.0 +/- 56.7 to 476.7 +/- 54.3 kg, and daily milk production decreased from a peak of 27.7 +/- 2.4 to 19.2 +/- 3.9 kg for cows fed the low chloride diet. Serum chloride decreased from 106.0 +/- 2.8 to 75.5 +/- 6.7 meq/liter during the same time. Cows on the low chloride diet developed clinical signs of a deficiency characterized by depraved appetite, lethargy, hypophagia, emaciation, hypogalactiae, constipation, and cardiovascular depression. Metabolic alterations could be summarized as a severe primary hypochloremic, secondary hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis.
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PMID:Nutritional chloride deficiency in early lactation Holstein cows. 650 51

The propagation of spreading cortical depression was studied in rabbits during the reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier induced by hypertonic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and sodium diatrizoate. The rupture of the blood-brain barrier was monitored by the leakage of Evans blue-albumin from pial vessels. Spreading depression was monitored by recording its characteristic slow voltage variations. Test substances were injected into the carotid artery or topically applied to the pia-arachnoid surface. Intracarotid injection of hypertonic solutions that open the blood-brain barrier do not block the propagation of spreading depression. Topical application of NaCl solutions can block the spread of the cortical depression reaction without opening the blood-brain barrier. Recurrent spreading depression waves at a mean frequency of one every 5 min, for 4 h do not cause the release of Evans blue-albumin complex from pial vessels.
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PMID:Spreading depression and the blood-brain barrier. 652 11

A rice bran protein concentrate (RBPC) was prepared from de-fatted rice bran by extraction with a 1% sodium chloride solution and by acetone-precipitation. This protein concentrate contained 45% protein, which was as good as casein in terms of protein quality being judged from the results of amino acid analysis. On the other hand, RBPC possessed the trypsin inhibitor activity corresponding to the complete inhibition of about 6 mg of bovine trypsin per 1 g of dry material. The activity was, however, completely destroyed by autoclaving RBPC for 30 min at 121 degrees C. In vitro digestion tests showed that RBPC was easily digested by pepsin but was resistant to the attack by trypsin, compared with autoclaved RBPC. Concerning in vivo digestion, however, there was no significant difference in apparent nitrogen digestibility between RBPC and the heated RBPC. In growth experiments with weanling rats fed a 10% level of protein diet, growth depression and the tendency of slight pancreatic hypertrophy were observed in rats receiving a RBPC diet. It is presumed that one of the reasons which explains these phenomena is the presence of trypsin inhibitor in RBPC.
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PMID:Nutritional significance of a rice bran concentrate with trypsin inhibitor activity. 661 92

There exists still a considerable confusion in the literature about the appropriate control solution for ethanol. In many studies either no control or equimolar solutions of urea, mannitol or sodium chloride were used as an osmotic control for ethanol; distilled water being given only in a few cases. The confusion is mainly derived from the opinion that the osmolality of the ethanol solution as measured by freezing point depression (= "theoretical osmotic pressure") is the determinant factor for the action of ethanol on the gastrointestinal tract. This opinion, however, is not correct. Since biological membranes are not perfectly semipermeable (i. e., they are permeable to certain solutes) the "effective osmotic pressure" produced by permeant solutes is always less than the ("theoretical") osmotic pressure as determined by freezing point depression. The ratio of the "effective" to the "theoretical" osmotic pressure of a solute is defined by the Stavermann reflection coefficient for a certain membrane. The Stavermann reflection coefficient may have any value between 1 and 0. For an impermeant solute the reflection coefficient equals 1 and for increasingly permeant solutes it becomes progressively less than 1 and closer to 0. The Stavermann reflection coefficient of ethanol for some gastrointestinal organs tested is about 0.1. The ideal osmotic control for ethanol would be a solute which exerts the same effective osmotic pressure on the gastrointestinal membrane as ethanol, i. e. which has the same Stavermann reflection coefficient as ethanol, and has no specific pharmacologic effect. Distilled water seems to be the most suitable osmotic control for ethanol because it has a Stavermann reflection coefficient of 0 and has no pharmacological actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[What control solutions should be used in studies on the acute effect of alcohol on the gastrointestinal tract?]. 664 35

We have previously reported that hyperosmotic solutions of sodium chloride or of xylitol possess potent anti-ulcer activity and reduce gastric acidity in the rat. They also stimulate gastric prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, which may bear a causal relationship to the above effects. In the present investigation we studied the effect of intragastric hyperosmolarity on the transmucosal potential difference (PD) and on the permeability to H+ ions in the rat stomach. We also studied the effect of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and flufenamic acid, on these parameters. Rat stomach was perfused in vivo, under urethane anesthesia, by xylitol solutions made up in 0.01 N HCl. While moderately hyperosmotic (13%) xylitol was without effect, the perfusion of intensely hyperosmotic xylitol (34.5%) resulted in a long lasting reduction of the transmucosal PD from a mean (+/- SEM) of -63 +/- 4 mV to a trough value of -40 +/- 3 mV. This depression of transmucosal PD was inhibited in a dose-related fashion by prior treatment with the PG-synthetase inhibitors. Acid recovery in the effluent was significantly reduced by the 34.5% xylitol solution and indomethacin pretreatment did not modify the effect of hyperosmotic xylitol. It is concluded that, although intensely hyperosmotic xylitol produces some of the characteristic effects of a barrier breaker, i.e. depression of transmucosal PD and acid back diffusion, these two phenomena probably involve different mechanisms, as indicated by their differential response to indomethacin.
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PMID:Hyperosmotic xylitol, prostaglandins and gastric mucosal barrier. 679 43

Stimulation of taste receptors with sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and the respective potassium salts gave concentration-response profiles, measured electrophysiologically, which are remarkably consistent with a two-state allosteric mechanism. The allosteric constant or equilibrium constant for the transition between the active and inactive receptor states is low, resulting in a condition in which small differences in ion affinities for the two states are sufficient to significantly alter the equilibrium. Receptor activators, such as sodium ion, displaced the equilibrium toward the active receptor state by virtue of a higher affinity for that state, whereas receptor inhibitors, such as acetate and propionate ions, displaced the equilibrium in the opposite direction as a result of a higher affinity for the inactive state. The low allosteric constant increased about 10-fold after treatment with the protein modification reagent dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide, resulting in a marked reduction in the response to sodium chloride and sodium propionate without a significant change in ion affinities. In order to fully resolve the potassium response characteristics, it was necessary to consider both a potassium activation site and a potassium inhibition site. Analysis of the response from sodium chloride/potassium chloride mixtures showed that sodium ion is competitive with potassium binding at the activation site but not the inhibition site. With potassium propionate as the stimulus, the effect of both a receptor activator and a receptor inhibitor was quantitatively consistent with depression of the response below a water baseline level at low stimulus concentrations. Estimation of active and inactive state dissociation constants for each anion and cation permitted accurate prediction of the response magnitude for a range of cation ratios in sodium chloride/potassium chloride mixtures and anion ratios in sodium chloride/sodium propionate mixtures. The association of salty taste with receptor activators and bitter taste with receptor inhibitors may be relevant to the generation of these taste qualities.
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PMID:Sodium and potassium salt stimulation of taste receptor cells: an allosteric model. 692 15

A simple and sensitive method is presented for the determination of gold in various biological matrices by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of the biological media on the atomic absorption of gold and the application of some of the important fundamental principles in relation to the measurement of the analyte are also discussed. The results demonstrate that, in FAAS analysis, to obtain maximum peak height sensitivity the samples must be confined to the centre of the graphite atomiser, and for accurate background correction the light paths of the analyte and the continuum lamps through the atomised sample must be synchronised. for measurement of gold in the presence of sodium chloride, the concentration of the salt in the gold standards and the samples must be matched to neutralise the severe depression of the gold signal by sodium.
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PMID:A microanalytical method for the analysis of gold in biological media by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. 710 90

Round heart disease and ascites were induced in 8-day-old turkey poults by administering 0.75% sodium chloride in distilled water. Clinical signs included increased water consumption, loose feces, depression, and increased respiratory rate. Mortality was noticed after 3 days on the saline solution. Light microscopic and electron microscopic studies were made on the right and left free cardiac ventricular walls. Massive glycogen accumulations were demonstrated by periodic acid-Schiff staining and malt diastase digestion. Electron microscopic studies further showed the presence of extensive intrafibrillar glycogen, myofibrillar disarray, lysis of myofilaments, Z-band streaming, and disruption of intercalated discs. These changes are consistent with congestive heart failure and are similar to furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy. A mechanism is suggested whereby sodium ions may cause hypertension and also act directly to influence the electrical and contractile activity of the heart muscle.
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PMID:Ultrastructural changes of sodium chloride-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults. 715 22

During the rat oestrous cycle, cholinergic-stimulated water intake is constant across days; while both daily ad lib and angiotensin II-stimulated water intakes are least on the day of oestrus. If permitted to self select, however, rats will elect to drink sodium chloride solutions as well as water under ad lib or angiotensin-stimulated conditions. Therefore, adult female rats with continuous access to both water and 1.8% NaCl were studied to determine if saline intake also varied with the oestrous cycle. Ad lib drinking and drinking stimulated by intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II or carbachol were monitored daily for the duration of an entire oestrous cycle. Both ad lib and angiotensin-induced sodium intakes were depressed at oestrus, while the minimal sodium intake seen after carbachol was not changed. The depression in sodium intake so mirrored that observed for water intake that the ratio of saline to water intake did not vary over the oestrous cycle.
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PMID:Depression of ad lib and angiotensin-induced sodium intake at oestrus. 719 63

A method is described for determining brain osmolality with a vapor pressure osmometer. This instrument measures dew point temperature depression of a solution in vapor equilibrium in a closed chamber. The principles of vapor pressure osmolality measurement suggest that it may have some advantages over freezing point depression methodology for analysis of tissue samples. Standard solutions (sodium chloride, 290 mOsm/kg water) of 10-20 microliter and at temperature considerably lower than ambient temperature may be delivered to the osmometer and measured without effects on recorded osmolality. Quick-frozen tissue specimens that were dissected while frozen into the shape of a thin slice (0.5-1.0) mm in thickness, 4-5 mm in diameter) and delivered to the machine while still in the frozen state resulted in osmolality values with high reproducibility. With this method, the osmolality of the cerebral hemispheres of pentobarbital anesthetized rats is 305.86 +/- 0.74 mOsm/kg water, a value that is significantly higher than plasma values from the same animals (297.6 +/- 0.72 mOsm/kg water). The findings of this study suggest that with the use of a vapor pressure osmometer, small samples of brain tissue can be measured for osmolality with speed and high reproducibility and without the need for dilutions, weighings, calculations, and external determinations of tissue water content.
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PMID:Use of a vapor pressure osmometer to measure brain osmolality. 723 Aug 76


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