Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exocrine pancreatic function was investigated by means of the Lundh test model in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulas. The test was standardized and the effect of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion was evaluated. The mean tryptic activity detected in 18 tests in 6 dogs was 32.25 +/- 5.25 muEqH+/minute/ml, which is considerably higher than that observed in man. The administration of glucagon was followed by a significant decrease (30.8%) in the volume of the duodenal contents and a more pronounced depression of the enzyme concentrations (trypsin 59%, chymotrypsin 53.3%). It is concluded that the Lundh test affords a valuable experimental model for the investigation of exocrine pancreatic function in dogs.
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PMID:Influence of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic function as determined by the Lundh test in dogs. 59 92

We perfused enucleated human eyes via the anterior chamber by the constant pressure technique. Infusion of human serum into the anterior chamber of enucleated human eyes for 30 minutes at 23 mm Hg pressure induced a 42% decrease in facility of outflow, which was not relieved by irrigation of the anterior chamber with balanced salt solution or alpha-chymotrypsin. Diluted serum also reduced the facility of outflow. Measured in a glass viscometer, diluted serum had less viscosity than undiluted, but interfered with outflow from the eye more than anticipated on the basis of viscosity alone. When we used lens depression to induce tension on the iridocorneal angle to simulate the effects of contraction of the ciliary muscle, outflow facility increased in control eyes that had not been exposed to serum and in serum-perfused eyes. However, the partial obstruction to outflow that had been induced by serum persisted. Normal serum components may become adsorbed or entrapped in the aqueous outflow system so as to obstruct outflow, and this may result in secondary glaucoma in eyes with chronic uveitis.
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PMID:Serum obstruction of aqueous outflow in enucleated eyes. 67 20

The exocrine pancreatic function was studied in humans by performing a secretin-cholecystokinin test before and after treatment with oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol. In the oxytetracycline-treated patients there was a depression of the amylase and lipase outputs in the duodenal secretion, chymotrypsin decreasing only slightly. After treatment with the two antibiotics the calcium secretion was reduced. The other parameters measured in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. The enzyme dissociation observed in the present studies is considered to reflect the onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal experiments, the suggested explanation for the changes in enzyme secretion is an inhibition of protein synthesis in the exocrine pancreas due to oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol.
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PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function in man after treatment with oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. 95 76

It has been found that D-timolol is equipotent or slightly less potent than L-timolol to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive rabbits, water loaded ocular hypertensive rabbits, alpha-chymotrypsin induced glaucoma rabbits, hypertonic saline infused IOP recovery model of rabbits, normotensive human volunteers, glaucoma patients and ocular hypertensive human individuals. Although L-timolol has been used widely for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension, it produces numerous side effects including cardiovascular disturbances, asthmatic attack, psychological depression, etc. Since D-timolol has much weaker affinity toward beta-adrenergic receptors, it was found to have 1/80-1/300 the beta-adrenergic blocking potency of L-timolol to block beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig tracheal preparations and 1/90 of L-timolol to block beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig atrial preparations. As a result, D-timolol showed no subjective nor objective side effects on pupil size, conjunctiva, cornea, blood pressure and pulse rate. Further, D-timolol was reported to increase retinal and choroid blood flow in rabbits without affecting overall ocular blood flow. On the contrary, L-timolol was found to significantly reduce the overall ocular blood flow and retinal and choroid blood flows in rabbits, although it might slightly increase the retinal blood flow in normotensive individuals. D-Timolol was well absorbed across the cornea as L-timolol and produced the duration of action as long as L-timolol. These results indicate that D-timolol could be a better agent than L-timolol for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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PMID:Development of D-timolol for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. 219 94

Thirty-seven pigs were used to evaluate the effects of age and weaning on the level of protease in the gastric mucosa and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the pancreas. There was a positive allometry of the pancreas and gastric mucosa associated with age and with weaning to a solid diet. Increases with age in total activity of chymotrypsin, trypsin, amylase and gastric proteases were due to increases in both tissue weight and enzyme activity per gram of tissue. A general depression in pancreatic enzymatic activities, but not in gastric proteolytic activity, was found during the first week following weaning. Forty pigs were used in a second trial to evaluate the effects of age and weaning diet on the same digestive enzymes. Total activity of all enzymes assayed increased with time postweaning. Increases in total activity of lipase and chymotrypsin were due primarily to increased pancreatic weight postweaning. Amylase, trypsin and gastric protease increases were due both to increased tissue weight and increased activity per gram of tissue. There were no effects of diet on the weight of gastric mucosa or the level of activity of the gastric proteases. Pigs fed a diet containing 20% whey had larger pancreases (P less than .10) at slaughter and a greater, but nonsignificant, mean activity per gram of pancreas for all pancreatic enzymes. It appears that the pig has sufficient pancreatic and gastric enzyme activity so that performance should not be limited, with the possible exception of the period shortly after weaning. However diet digestibility and subsequent pig performance may be more directly related to the extent of release of these enzymes into the intestine and the conditions that exist therein.
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PMID:Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive enzyme levels in the piglet. 242 84

We have examined the sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase by three protein kinases which have been shown to inactivate the enzyme, i.e. cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2 (ACK2, purified from rat mammary gland) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (formerly called acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-3, purified from rat liver). Each protein kinase phosphorylates two out of three sites (termed 1-3) which have been established by amino acid sequencing. The two sites phosphorylated by each kinase can be recovered on separate peptides, TC1 and TC2, derived by combined digestion of the native enzyme by trypsin and chymotrypsin: TC1 = Ser-2Ser(P)-Met-3Ser(P)-Gly-Leu; TC2 = Arg-Met-1Ser(P)-Phe- Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates sites 1 and 2 exclusively, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates sites 1 and 3, plus at least one other minor site. ACK2 phosphorylates site 1 and, more slowly, an unidentified site(s) within TC1. We have also established the structures of the single major phosphopeptides (T1 and C1 respectively) which are recovered by HPLC after acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase is digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin alone. T1 is related to TC1, and has the structure: Ser-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-His-Leu-Val-Lys. C1 is identical with TC2. We have carried out studies on the correlation of the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase with the occupancy of sites 1, 2 and 3 during phosphorylation by each of the three protein kinases. The results suggest that phosphorylation of site 3 is primarily responsible for the large decrease in Vmax produced by the AMP-activated protein kinase, while phosphorylation of site 1 may be primarily responsible for the increase in A0.5 for citrate and more modest depression of Vmax produced by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and ACK2. Our results emphasize that amino acid sequence information is essential in the unequivocal interpretation of data from phosphopeptide mapping experiments and allow a more complete interpretation of previous data on phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in intact cells. They also open the way to experiments which could establish the physiological roles of these protein kinases in the control of fatty acid synthesis.
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PMID:Identification by amino acid sequencing of three major regulatory phosphorylation sites on rat acetyl-CoA carboxylase. 290 Jan 38

1. The selective isolation of an ;active' histidine peptide from reduced and cyanoethylated chymotrypsin-alpha inhibited with Tos-Phe-CH(2)Cl (l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone) was obtained with a His(tauCm) (N(tau)-carboxymethylhistidine) diagonal peptide-;mapping' technique. Performic acid vapours, used between the first and second dimensions of the diagonal peptide ;map', resulted in a peracid rearrangement of the alkylated (Tos-Phe-CH(2))-histidine-57 residue into an N(tau)-carboxymethylhistidine residue. The consequent change in electrophoretic mobility allowed isolation of peptides that contained the ;active' histidine. 2. Peptides containing methionine or S-cyanoethylcysteine were oxidized to their sulphones during the treatment. Peptides in which these residues were N-terminal were selectively isolated on the basis of the change in electrophoretic mobility at pH6.5 which was due to the depression of the pK of the terminal amino group by the inductive effect of the sulphonyl group. 3. An attempt to apply the method to subtilisin BPN' inhibited with l-1-benzyloxycarbonylamido-2-phenylethyl bromomethyl ketone failed to yield a peptide containing N(tau)-carboxymethylhistidine, although peptides containing N-terminal methionine were isolated by the procedure.
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PMID:The selective isolation of an active-site histidine peptide from chymotrypsin-alpha by diagonal peptide 'mapping'. An N-tau-carboxymethylhistidine diagonal peptide "mapping.". 446 43

Self-sealing, not found in frog skeletal muscle fibers immersed in Ringer's solution, can be induced by solutions rich in calcium ion. Strontium replaced calcium on the sealing process, but magnesium did not. The sealing accomplished in high-calcium media was preserved in those fibers reimmersed in normal Ringer's solution. Measurements of the rate of sealing at different temperatures indicated that self-sealing induced by calcium has a high activation energy. Phospholipase C, an enzyme that hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids, produced a marked depression on the rate of sealing. Trypsin or chymotrypsin had no influence on the sealing process.
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PMID:Membrane sealing in frog skeletal-muscle fibers. 451 29

1. Raw soya-bean meal (RS) was fractionated into soya-bean lyophilized extract (SLE), soya-bean lyophilized residue (SLR), acid-precipitated proteins (APP) and whey proteins. 2. Trypsin (EC 3. 4. 21. 4)and chymotrypsin (EC 3. 4. 21.1) inhibitors (TI) were soluble at pH 8 and remained soluble after the extract was acidified to pH 4.4 Except for whey, heating abolished, almost totally, their inhibiting activity. 3. Feeding SLE diet (high TI content) and APP diet (low TI content) resulted in growth depression below the RS level. Feeding the SLR diet resulted in an optimal growth. Feeding diets containing heated fractions improved the growth rate though not to the level observed with heated RS (HS) diet. 4. RS, SLE, APP and whey diets produced similar pancreatic enlargement which could be totally (RS, whey) or partially (SLE, APP) abolished by heating. 5. Feeding the RS diet reduced pancreatic amylase content. The factor responsible for this effect cofractionated with SLE and whey proteins. 6. Two groups of factors in the various diets were probably responsible for the elevation in pancreatic proteases. The first group were the heat-labile factors present in RS, SLE and whey whereas the second group resisted the heat treatment and were found in APP and SLR. 7. The results suggest that for optimal growth rate of rats, heat treatment should be given to the unfractionated soya-bean proteins rather than to the isolated fractions. The results further indicated that TI are not the only factors that can lead to pancreatic enlargement and changes in pancreatic enzymes composition.
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PMID:The effect of dietary raw and autoclaved soya-bean protein fractions on growth, pancreatic enlargement and pancreatic enzymes in rats. 719 36

The actions of NO synthase inhibitors and indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, on the nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) mechanical responses of cat distal colon were studied in vitro using muscle strips orientated in the axis of the longitudinal muscle layer with pelvic nerves attached. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) or pelvic nerve stimulation (PNS) caused inhibition of spontaneous contractions followed by off-contractions. Indomethacin (10-30 microM) caused concentration-dependent reductions in amplitude and duration of EFS- and PNS-evoked off-contractions but not latency. The NO synthase inhibitors, N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (each at 100 microM) significantly reduced latency, amplitude, and duration of off-contractions evoked by EFS and PNS. This inhibition was partially reversed by L-arginine (120 microM) but not by D-arginine. Incubation of colonic strips with alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml) decreased latency, amplitude, and duration of NANC off-contractions. L-NNA reduced amplitude, duration, and latency of off-contractions in preparations pretreated with alpha-chymotrypsin. Hydroquinone (10-30 microM), a generator of superoxide anions, caused significant depression of amplitude, duration, and latency of off-contractions which was completely reversed by superoxide dismutase (200 U/ml). These data suggest that the components of NANC off-contractions evoked by EFS and PNS involve peptides, NO, and prostaglandins.
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PMID:A nitric oxide and prostaglandin-dependent component of NANC off-contractions in cat colon. 750 99


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