Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There was a significant depression of the activities of intestinal lactase, invertase, and alkaline phosphatase in rats given drinking water containing 2.5 mg of colchicine per 100 ml. Activities of intestinal maltase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase were not affected by the drug. Injection of colchicine (1 mg/kg) caused depression of intestinal invertase activity within 8 hr. Investigation of the effect of colchicine on the disaccharides in vitro demonstrated that invertase and maltase were not affected by concentrations up to 125 mg/100 ml. Intestinal lactase was inhibited by concentrations exceeding 5 mg/100 ml. Calculation of the concentration of colchicine present in the intestine, after a single injection, indicated that the in vivo effect of colchicine was not due to simple enzyme inhibition. Histological examination showed an increase in crypt cells but no decrease in the length of the villi. Cellular migration along the villi, as well as activity of uridine kinase in intestinal mucosa, was increased in colchicine-treated rats. It was concluded that colchicine did not depress intestinal invertase, lactase, and alkaline phosphatase by decreasing cellular renewal, but rather it exerted its effect directly on the differentiated cells of the villus.
 ...
PMID:Effect of colchicine on intestinal disaccharidases: correlation with biochemical aspects of cellular renewal. 541 79

The relative merits of a comprehensive series of contemporary methods for detection of acute nephrotoxicity were evaluated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg mercuric chloride (HgCl2)/kg body weight by ip injection. Indices of nephrotoxicity were examined 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h later. Alterations in urine osmolality, volume, and protein levels were seen within 24 h in response to 1 mg/kg or more of HgCl2. Administration of 0.5-3.0 mg/kg produced dose-dependent increases in urinary excretion of maltase activity and glucose by 24 h, the period of peak effect. There was no increase in maltase or alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in the serum of these animals. Enzymuria was not apparent in rats that had marked elevations in serum AP, argininosuccinate lyase, and ornithine carbamyl transferase activities as a result of physical (i.e., dichlorodifluoromethane-frozen) or chemical (carbon tetrachloride-induced) damage of the liver. Morphological alterations, in the proximal tubular epithelium of perfusion-fixed kidneys from HgCl2-dosed rats, paralleled the changes in enzyme excretion with respect to time of onset and dose-effect. There was a dose-dependent inhibition of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and p-aminohippurate (PAH) uptake by renal cortical slices at 24 h. Interestingly, increases in uptake of TEA and PAH were seen 8 h after a 1-mg/kg dose. Clearance of inulin and PAH in vivo were altered at 8 h by 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. Marked depression of these functional indices was seen at 24 h, by which time blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were increased. The 0.5- and 1.0-mg/kg doses also produced time- and dose-dependent increases in intracellular Na+ content which were maximal at 24 h. These results illustrate the importance of using a combination of biochemical and functional tests to elucidate the sequence of events in the kidney following toxic insult. Nevertheless, some of the simpler, traditional techniques (e.g., histopathology, urinalyses, BUN) were sensitive and organ-specific, and should continue to be very useful in nephrotoxicity testing/screening.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of functional, morphological, and enzymatic tests for acute nephrotoxicity induced by mercuric chloride. 622 7

The antinutritional effect caused by the ingestion of lectins from two Brazilian varieties of beans: Rico 23 and Jalo, was studied in rats. The two varieties were selected in a previous screening of toxicity in rats: one of them (Jalo) was lethal, and the other (Rico 23) was not, when injected intra-peritoneally. Different amounts of each one of the lectins were added to casein experimental diets and fed to rats. The amount of protein (casein) also varied from 5% to 20%. The addition to the diet of 1% lectins from the Jalo variety caused a growth depression, as well as a decrease in food efficiency ratio and serum glucose; also, it reduced the maltase and invertase activity of the intestinal mucosa. All these effects appeared when the protein contents in the rations were 5% or 10%. At the 20% level only a depression of the maltase activity was observed. Similar effects were shown by the lectins of the Rico 23 variety, but only when added in a higher (5%) percentage to the diet. The phosphatase and protease activity were not changed by any of the lectins. The inhibitor activity that occurred in vivo was not detected in vitro.
 ...
PMID:[Antinutritional effect of phytohemagglutinins of Phaseolus vulgaris L]. 639 38

We report results on determinations of small intestinal brush-border enzyme activities in 22 children (aged 11 months to 14 years) with giardiasis. In particular, activities of disaccharidases (lactase, sucrase, maltase) and of alkaline phosphatase were investigated. Forty-one percent of the patients, irrespective of age, had a demonstrable depression of disaccharidase activities, usually in a combination involving two or more enzymes. A depression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was present in 33% of patients, and only in those who demonstrated disaccharidase deficiencies. Mild villus atrophy was present in two mucosal specimens, whereas all others showed normal villus morphology by light microscopy. The results obtained in this study suggest that giardiasis in otherwise healthy children does not cause marked structural damage to the small bowel mucosa, as seen by the light microscope. However, some form of damage to the brush border does occur frequently, as evidenced by a depression of brush-border enzymes. This damage most likely contributes to the diarrhea and also to the carbohydrate intolerance in these patients.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activity in giardiasis. 642 May 34

Investigations by scanning electron microscopy into changes of surface morphology of small bowel mucosa in children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea are reported. The study population comprised 56 patients, ranging in age from 5 months to 7 years; 65% were between 10 and 28 months old, and 64% of the patients were boys. The major findings were: microorganisms on the mucosal surface; excessive extrusion of cell cytoplasm and of enterocytes (cell shedding); presence of excessive mucus on the mucosal surface; damage to the brush border; and partial villous atrophy. The latter lesion was found in only four patients. All these changes are considered pathologic and, for the most part, are presumed to be due to the presence of antigens, in particular, microorganisms. A depression of disaccharidase activities was encountered in 64% of the patients, but prevalence was without regard to age. Most common was a combined depression of lactase, sucrase, and maltase, as well as an isolated depression of lactase. The possibility has to be considered that enteroadherent microorganisms which are usually not considered pathogenic, and microorganisms such as Mycoplasma, may emerge as intestinal pathogens in susceptible children. It is feasible that genetic traits of the host and environmental factors facilitate adherence and colonization of the small bowel mucosa which, in turn, produces chronic diarrhea. Further studies are needed to confirm the preliminary information contained in this report.
 ...
PMID:Chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children: investigation of the surface morphology of small bowel mucosa utilizing the scanning electron microscope. 688 51

The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation after massive small bowel resection. Rats underwent 80% jejunoileal resection or a sham operation and received either vehicle or 128 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 sc dexamethasone for 7 days. Dexamethasone infusion resulted in decreased weight, DNA content, and protein content in the duodenojejunal and ileal mucosa in both sham and resected rats. Sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities (all in mumol.g protein-1.min-1) in the duodenojejunal mucosa were elevated by dexamethasone infusion. By contrast, enzyme activities were elevated only in the ileal mucosa of dexamethasone-infused sham-operated rats compared with sham-operated control rats, and dexamethasone did not elevate enzyme activities in resected rats. We further examined whether the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation may be related to changes in either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or IGF binding protein (BP) serum levels. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels were markedly decreased in dexamethasone-infused resected and sham-operated rats. IGF BP-1 serum levels were elevated by dexamethasone treatment with a concomitant depression in serum IGF BP-2 levels. IGF BP-3 levels were lowered by dexamethasone treatment in sham-operated rats and by gut resection, and serum IGF BP-4 levels did not change. These results suggest that the growth-inhibiting effects of dexamethasone in small intestinal mucosa may be partially mediated by decreased serum IGF levels or by alterations in IGF activity associated with changes in serum levels of IGF BPs.
 ...
PMID:Dexamethasone inhibits mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection. 751 28

The effect of repeated oral administration of prostaglandin analogue (dmPGE2) on intestinal macromolecular transport and digestive enzymes development were investigated in the suckling rats. By the administration of dmPGE2 for 7 days, precocious induction of maltase activity, depression of amylase activity and enhancement of trypsin activity in the pancreas occurred. Absorption of bovine IgG was dose dependently depressed by dmPGE2 treatments. The intestinal cessation was also observed in the adrenalectomized pups, but was not influenced by difluoromethyl ornithine administration. These results suggest that oral administration of PGE2 induces precocious maturation of the small intestine and exocrine pancreas and that the intestinal cessation is not directly related to ornithine decarboxylase activity in the suckling rats.
 ...
PMID:Precocious cessation of intestinal macromolecular transport and digestive enzymes development by prostaglandin E2 in suckling rats. 752 52

Freshwater turtles Trachemys scripta elegans endure prolonged severe hypoxia, and even complete anoxia, while diving or hibernating underwater. Metabolic adaptations supporting survival include the activation of glycogenolysis and glucose output from liver, as well as strong metabolic rate depression. The present study analyzes the enzymes of both the phosphorolytic (glycogen phosphorylase, phosphorylase b kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and glucosidic (alpha-glucosidase) pathways of glycogenolysis in turtle organs. Turtles were subjected to 5 hr of submergence in N2-bubbled water at 7 degrees C and then activities of phosphorolytic and glucosidic enzymes were assayed in liver, heart, brain, and red and white skeletal muscle, and compared with aerobic controls. In vitro incubations also assessed protein kinase A control of phosphorolytic enzymes. A functional enzyme cascade system for the activation of glycogen phosphorylase was found in all organs, and both phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase were stimulated by in vitro incubation with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Anoxic submergence led to significant increases in phosphorylase activities in liver and heart (phosphorylase a rose 2- and 2.5-fold, respectively) but phosphorylase kinase and protein kinase A activities in liver were reduced after 5 hr exposure. Both acidic (pH 4) and neutral (pH 7) forms of alpha-glucosidase were detected in all five organs with highest activities in liver. Activity of acid alpha-glucosidase, which degrades lysosomal glycogen, increased by 2-fold in liver during anoxic submergence. The data show that glycogen breakdown in turtle liver during anoxic submergence may result from coordinated activations of both the cytoplasmic phosphorolytic and the lysosomal glucosidic pathways of glycogenolysis.
 ...
PMID:Enzymatic control of glycogenolysis during anoxic submergence in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta. 758 17

We have previously presented indirect in vivo evidence for the involvement of islet acid glucan-1,4-alpha-glucosidase (acid amyloglucosidase), a lysosomal glucose-producing enzyme, in certain insulin secretory processes. In the present in vitro and in vivo investigation, we studied whether differential changes in islet acid amyloglucosidase activity would be related to the insulin secretory response induced by two mechanistically different secretagogues, the sulphonylurea derivative, glibenclamide and the acetylcholine receptor agonist, carbachol. It was observed that the selective alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitors emiglitate and acarbose markedly reduced glibenclamide-induced insulin release from isolated islets. Insulin release stimulated by carbachol or the protein kinase C activator TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate), was not inhibited. Basal insulin secretion was unaffected by emiglitate and acarbose. Further, pretreatment of mice with emiglitate resulted in a marked reduction of the in vivo insulin response to glibenclamide. Moreover, in vivo pretreatment with purified fungal amyloglucosidase ('enzyme replacement'), a procedure known to increase islet amyloglucosidase activity, greatly enhanced the insulin response to i.v. glibenclamide. This insulin release was accompanied by a marked depression of the blood glucose levels. In contrast, enzyme pretreatment did not influence the insulin response or the blood glucose levels after carbachol. The data strongly suggest that islet acid amyloglucosidase is involved in the insulin secretory processes induced by glibenclamide but not in those involving stimulation of muscarinic receptors or direct activation of protein kinase C. The results also indicate separate or at least partially separate pathways for insulin release induced by glibenclamide and cholinergic stimulation.
 ...
PMID:Changes in islet glucan-1,4-alpha-glucosidase activity modulate sulphonylurea-induced but not cholinergic insulin secretion. 827 68

The effect of supplementing a cornsoybean diet (C) with glucose (G) or maltose (M) on young broilers (from hatch to 3 wk of age) affected by stunting syndrome (SS) was studied. Stunting syndrome was induced by orally administering an inoculum prepared from the intestines of SS broiler chicks. Relative to the M diet, the G diet improved growth and feed utilization and increased feed intake in naive (NA) control chickens. The C diet was intermediate in this respect. In contrast to the NA chickens, diet did not affect growth or feed utilization in SS chicks. Changes in the relative weights of the gastrointestinal tract segments were evident by 1 wk of age and hypertrophy of these segments persevered to 3 wk of age. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a significant increase in pancreatic trypsin-specific activity during Weeks 1 and 2, and in chymotrypsin activity at 1 wk. During this time, amylase-specific activity was not affected. At 3 wk of age, the specific activities of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were lower in the inoculated vs control birds. Whereas no significant effect of SS was observed with activities of amylase in the intestinal contents, trypsin activity was higher in SS chicks at 1 wk, and that of chymotrypsin lower during Weeks 2 and 3. Relative to NA chicks, the maltase and saccharase activities of SS chicks were much lower during Week 1, but increased later on and were similar to NA chick values at 2 and 3 wk. Whereas the level of blood plasma proteins did not vary from 1 to 3 wk in the NA chicks, it increased gradually in SS chicks to a level that significantly exceeded that in their NA counterparts. Blood plasma glucose and triglyceride levels were slightly lower in the SS chicks (NS), and the blood plasma cholesterol level was significantly reduced during Week 2. Relative to NA chicks, SS infection caused a significant increase in plasma calcium during Weeks 2 and 3, accompanied by a significant reduction in blood plasma phosphorus at 2 wk only. No difference was observed in the blood plasma level of uric acid, which peaked in both treatments during Week 2, or in D-beta-hydroxybutyric acid level, which was quite stable during the experimental period. Stunting syndrome infection was accompanied by a dramatic increase in amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the blood plasma, and by a slight but significant decrease in activity of lactic dehydrogenase. Stunting syndrome was concluded to be an affliction not only of digestion but also of metabolism. The main depression in growth caused by SS inoculation is probably due to metabolic alterations beyond those of digestion and absorption.
 ...
PMID:Stunting syndrome in broilers: effect of glucose or maltose supplementation on digestive organs, intestinal disaccharidases, and some blood metabolites. 905 21


<< Previous 1 2 3 Next >>